structure of the leaf

Epiderrmis

• consists of upper epidermis and lower epidermis ( transparent single layer)

• no chlorophyll (therefore permits light to penetrate into mesophyll tissues)

• is covered by a cuticle which is water proof

• protects the leaf from microorganisms and excessively loss of water

Palisade cell

• Elongated cell with many chloroplast inside, near to leaf surface for more and efficient light absorbed

Vascular bundle

• xylem transports water and minerals through the plant

• phloem distributes sugars and nutrients

• It also contains supportive tissues like sclerenchyma, providing structural support, and cambium for growth in some plants.

Air space

The air spaces in a leaf allow for the exchange of gases. They facilitate the movement of carbon dioxide into cells for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen and water vapor during transpiration.

Spongy mesopyll

• The spongy mesophyll in a leaf is a layer of loosely arranged cells with air spaces between them.

• It allows for efficient gas exchange, as carbon dioxide diffuses into the cells for photosynthesis, and oxygen and water vapor are released.

• The spongy mesophyll is also involved in storing water and nutrients.

Stomata

• Found abundantly at the lower surface of the leaf.

• Its opening is controlled by guard cell

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas during photosynthesis and respiration takes place here

Guard cell

Guard cells control the opening and closing of tiny pores (stomata) on leaves. They manage the plant’s gas exchange and water loss by letting in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen and water vapor.