Botany Module 2- Protists and Fungi

hyphae

treads that form mycelium

septate

have cross wall

ceonocytic

no cross walls

rhizomorphs

mycelial root hyphae that carry water to fungal bodies

gen reproduction

A. spores from sporangia or conidia spores on hyphae tips

S. sex spores dispersed by animals, wind, rain

Endophytes

fungi grow in plant. F deter predators, plant provides food.

Mycorrhizae

fungi in plant roots >90% of land plants

fungi give water and nutrients plants give sugar.

(Ecto)mycorrhiza

forest oak beech pine spruce trees

hyphae penetrate roots but not individual cells. increases root surface area

(endo)mycorrhizae

plants and arbuscular (anchor site) mycorrhizal fungi. F penetrates individual cells. most woody and herbacious plants

Mycoheterotrophy

fungi connect photosythesis plants to those who cant, stealing  or giving nutrients

orchids, indian pipe, squall root

Phylum Chytridomycota

uni. coenocytic. only F with flagellated cell walls

saprobes/parasite aquatic

A. zoospores, S fusion of 2 motile gametes

cause chytridiomycosis- dries and kills frog+toads

Phylum Zygomycota

coenocytic “true fungi” no cell walls, streaming cytoplasm

A. spores made in sporangia germinate and make hyphae. some hyphae turn into sporangiophore (stalk) which has sporangia on top to make spores

S. conjugation. have +/- mating strains. fuse and make zygote that turns into zygosporangium that make sporangiophore with sporangia to make spores with meiosis.

Phylum Ascomycota the sacs

septate. have septa (holes) in cell walls 

yeast ergot morels truffles 

A. conidia spores are made on outside of sporangia (look like fingers) or budding (yeast).

S. ascus with ascospores (cup with fingers and dots inside fingers).hymenium in the asci layer

human relevance of sac fungi

ergot in grains causes hysteria, convulsions, gangrene and death (salem witch trials). can induce labor, treat migraines, be LSD, abortion in cows

yeast and chestnut blight and dutch elm disease

Phylum Basidiomycota

typical- toadstool, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rust and smuts

hypha have perforated septa (cross walls)

S. spores germinate and make manokaryokic (1n haploid nucleus) hyphae. compatible hyphae fuse to form dikaryotic. Hyphae form mycelium which makes button shrooms with gill on cap lined with basidia which make spores. in basidia two nuclei form zygote which meiosis to make basidiospores.

Basidiomycota human relevence

destroying angel causes 90% of mush deaths. psilocybe is a hallucinogen with fly agaric (reindeer piss). shitake protein and nutrients. grocery store button shrooms.

Phylum Deuteromycota

catch all. no sex repro

A. conidia (fingers)

are the nemotode eaters, cultivated by ant and termites for food. athrocnos attacks many plants

penicillium blue and rowquefort cheese antibiotics

aspergillis so sauce and aflatoxins in peanuts and grains. which cause liver cancer

ringworm and atheletes foot

Lichens

symbiotic relationship between fungus (sac) and a producer. algae or cyanobacteria that provide O2 and sugar.

grow slow and live long. early pioneer species can be dormant.

seneative- bioindicators for air pollution chernobyle monitoring. 

reindeer food, clothing dye, antibiotic, create soil

foliose

flat and leaflike

fruticose

grow up or down (reindeer moss) fibrous

crustose

flat crusty tightly anchored

Phylum Chlorophyta

micro. diverse. chloro a and b. Chlamydomonas, ulothirx, spirogyra, oedogonium, chlorella, desmids

Chlorophyta: Chlamydomonas

2 pulling flagella, haploid state until R. one eyespot and chloroplast,

A. colony break or mitosis

S. 1n join at flagella (2n) meiosis for 4 1n, can be dormant, ISOGAMY

Chlorophyta: Ulothrix

multi. bracelet chloroplast, one eyespot, holdfast from basal cell.

A. cell condense and mitosis become zoospore 1n then settle and lose 4 flagella.

S. conjugation. Papillae for conjugation tubes. 1 cell injects another. meiosis for 4, 3 die. can go dormant

Chlorophyta: Oedogonium

epiphytic- lives on plants. net chloroplasts. 

A. fragmentation or single zoospore eject (120 flage)

S. Oogamy. Antheridia makes motile sperm (2) oogonia makes larger egg. zygote meiosis for 4 zoospores. can dormant

Chlorophyta: Chlorella

spheres cultivate fast. O2 and food in space

Chlorophyta: Desmids

hydrodictyon- Fragmentation or conjugation

Acetabularia- Isogamy, one big cell, marine

Volvox- little colonies in big one

Ulva- blades are haploid and make gametes for 2n blades or diploid and make spores for 1n blades. have gametangia

Gametangia

make gametes

CHROMOPHYTA- yellow-green algae

fresh/marine water or terrestrial. 2 opp. flagella

CHROMOPHYTA- Golden Brown algae

freshwater. 2 unequal flagella at right angle to other. photoreceptor on shorter one. Loricae- shell protective cellulose vase. Dinobryon

CHROMOPHYTA- Diatoms

usually uni. cause ocean foam. marine/freshwater or terrestrial. silica cell wall. chloro- a c1 +c2. fucoxanthin (brown pigment). laminarin carb.

2n cells shrink ½ tiny one fuse to zygotes. diatomcious earth, pest control, toothpaste, food chain

CHROMOPHYTA- brown algae

cold Atlantic. multi. fucoxanthin carb. Chloro. a+c. we use algin from cell walls to make ice cream, dressings, beer

A. fragmentation

S. Diploid pilli have gametangia that do meiosis and release to form 2n zygote

Phylum Rhodophyta- red algae

warm deep water. uni or multi. chlorophyll a + D + phycobilin. starch- floridean. 

HR carrageen gum dairy thickener. agar petri dishes. iodine food medicine. coral reef anchor

Phylum Euglenophyta

sewage farm puddles. carb- paramylon. autotroph or engulf. long pulling flagella. one eyespot and f.

pellocte interlocking ribbon protein strips

A. cell division

Phylum Dinophyta- dinoflagellates

theca- cellulose armor. marine/freshwater. auto or engulf. cause red tides. bioluminescent. 40x DNA of humans.

A. cell division

Phylum Cryptophyta

uni. 2 hairy flagella. marine/freshwater. plates on cell walls. important producers

Phylum Charophyta - stoneworts

multi, freshwater, Chara axis with “whorls” 

A. fragmentation. S. antheridium / oogonium

Phylum Myxomycota

plasmodial slime mold. heterotrophic food engulf. spore plentiful in dust. grow on dead stuff. mulch. 

plasmodial stage vein network where protoplasm flows unimpeded (no cell walls)

sporangia spores meiosis and make myxamoeba or swarm cells. spores act as gametes and form zygotes.

decomposers and control bacteria 

sporangia

spore producers in threads of capillitium (Capillitium is a mass of sterile fibers interspersed among spores.)

Phylum Dictyostelinomycota

cellular slime mold with cellulose cell walls. phagocytosis (engulf) myxamoeba. not related. good composers.

pop growth and food causes hormone release that makes cells form Psuedoplamodium (slug) that turns stationary and sporangiums with differentiation 

Phylum Oomycota water mold

cell walls. saprobes. parasites (fish). caused grape blight of 1870, pythium (damping off). phytopithora- potato famine