Micro Exam 1 Study Guide Content

inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification

what are the five I's?

introducing microbes to a sterile medium

what is inoculation?

placing microbes in a warm, pressurized chamber to grow (microbes placed in conditions where growth is encouraged)

what is incubation?

separating microbes from each other to make a pure culture

what is isolation?

examining culture to observe macroscopic and microscopic details (what do they look like?)

what is inspection?

determining the exact species/type of microorganisms (what is this?)

what is identification?

the micro historical figures quizlet

what other Quizlet are we going to study?

methanogens, extreme halophiles, psychrophiles, and hyperthermophiles

what are the major groups of archaea?

a type of archaea that converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas

what are methanogens?

anaerobic swamp mud, bottom sediments in lakes and oceans, and in digestive systems of animals

where are methanogens found?

methanogens

___________ may contribute to greenhouse gasses and global warming

archaea that require salt to grow, with some being able to multiply in 36% salt that would destroy most cells

what are extreme halophiles?

inland seas, salt lakes, salt mines, and in salted fish

where are extreme halophiles found?

ATP

extreme halophiles have a red pigment to make ________ from light

archaea that grow at very low temperatures

what are psychrophiles?

archaea that grow at very high temperatures, flourishing at temperatures between 80 and 113 degrees celsius (they cannot grow at 50 degrees celsius)

what are hyperthermophiles?

salt and acid

hyperthermophiles are often.... tolerant

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

what are the three domains of life?

single

most bacteria are _______ celled

circular

bacteria contain ______ DNA

70S

what type of ribosomes are typically found in bacteria?

hook, rings (basal body), and hollow filament

what are the components of a bacterial flagella?

fatty acids with ester linkages

what is a bacterial cell membrane composed of?

single

archaea are ________ celled organisms

circular

archaea contain ______ DNA

70S, but structure is similar to 80S

what types of ribosomes do archaea have?

solid fimbrial-like structure

describe an archaeal flagella?

long chain, branched hydrocarbons with ether linkages

what is an archaeal cell membrane lipid composed of?

several

Eukaryotic cells contain ________ chromosome(s)

linear

Eukaryotic DNA is _________

80S

what type of ribosomes do Eukaryotic cells have?

9 + 2 microtubule arrangement

describe a Eukaryotic flagella

fatty acids with ester linkages

describe the makeup of a Eukaryotic cell membrane

Microbes in a swan neck flask were heated and killed (sterile). A swan neck flask with a broken neck allowed airborne microbes into the flask: growth occurred. A swan neck flask with a sealed neck trapped microbes at the base: growth did not occur

briefly describe Pasteur's experiment

spontaneous generation

what did Pasteur's experiment debunk?

He linked specific microorganisms with specific diseases and established a series of proofs that verified the germ theory of disease

What did Robert Koch do?

infected patients could be asymptomatic (carriers) of a disease, patients could be immune to a disease, and only 1% of microbes can truly be pure-cultured

what were some problems associated with Robert Koch's work?

the suspended microbe must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy individuals

What is the first tenant of Koch's postulates?

the microbe must be isolated from the sick organism and grown in a lab as a pure culture

What is the second tenant of Koch's postulates?

taking a pure culture and introducing it into a healthy, susceptible test subject must cause the same disease

What is the third tenant of Koch's postulates?

the same microbe must be taken back out of a newly sick test subject and proven to be identical to the original organism

What is the fourth tenant of Koch's postulates?

liquid, semisolid, solid (can be liquified), and solid (cannot be liquified)

what are the different physical states of media?

liquid media

water based solutions that do not solidify at room temperatures above freezing and flow freely in a tilted container

broths, milks, or infusions

what are some examples of liquid media?

semisolid media

exhibits a clot-like consistency at room temperature, contains enough gelatin or agar to thicken but not to produce a firm surface

determine motility of bacteria or localize a reaction to a specific site

semisolid media is used to...

solid media

provides a firm surface for cells to produce discrete colonies

isolate bacteria and fungi

solid media is used to...

Agar

complex polysaccharide isolated from red algae Gelidium: solid at room temperature, liquifies at 100 degrees Celsius, and once liquefied, does not solidify again until it cools to 42 degrees Celsius

chemically defined (synthetic) and complex (not chemically defined)

what are the different chemical compositions of media?

general purpose, enriched, selective, and differential

what are the different functional types of media?

general purpose media

grows as many microbes as possible

enriched media

used to grow fastidious organisms

selective media

encourages a select microbe to grow

differential media

allow multiple organisms to grow, but display visible differences between colonies

MacConkey Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar

give two examples of media that are both selective and differential

MacConkey Agar

used for Gram (-) differentiations: pink = lactose fermentation (E. Coli) and clear = no lactose fermentation (Salmonella)

Mannitol Salt Agar

used for Gram (+) differentiation: pH pink vs yellow

morphological evidence (physical traits), molecular evidence (DNA, RNA, proteins), biochemical evidence, and phylogenetic trees

what are the different methods of seeing evolutionary relatedness among microbes?

He compared rRNA sequences (16S rRNA in prokaryotes and 18S rRNA in eukaryotes)

How did Carl Woes distinguish between the domains?

Serological Analysis

a laboratory test that detects specific antibodies (immune proteins) or antigens (microbial markers) in blood serum/ bodily fluids to identify past/present infections

ribosome

made of RNA and protein, measured in Svedburg Units (S), involved in protein production

all three

which domains of life contain ribosomes?

freely floating in the cytoplasm

where can ribosomes be found in bacteria?

freely floating in the cytoplasm

where can ribosomes be found in archaea?

freely floating in the cytoplasm and attached to the rough ER

where can ribosomes be found in eukaryotes?

provides motility

what is the function of a bacterial flagella?

they are bacterial flagellar movement; runs are counterclockwise motions that move the bacteria towards the stimulus, and tumbles are a reverse in direction that stops the bacteria and changes its course)

describe what runs and tumbles are

capsule

protects bacteria from phagocytic white blood cells

bacterial cell wall

contains peptidoglycan, determines bacteria shape

osmotic pressure

the bacterial cell wall provides support to keep the cell from bursting/collapsing from...

bacterial chromosome

singular, circular strand of DNA tightly coiled around protein molecules to fit into the cell compartments

the nucleoid region

where can a bacterial chromosome be found

cytoplasm

in a bacteria, primary site for metabolic activities, contains chromatin body, ribosomes, granules, and fibers that act as a cytoskeleton

thick peptidoglycan cell wall, purple stain, has inner cytoplasmic membrane, does NOT contain LPS

describe a Gram (+) cell

thin peptidoglycan cell wall, pink stain, has inner cytoplasmic membrane, has LPS outer membrane

describe a Gram (-) cell

Crystal Violet, Iodine, Alcohol, and Safranin

What are the steps of a Gram stain?

it stains all cells a deep purple

What does the first step of a Gram Stain do?

it acts as a mordant to stick the crystal violet to the cells (specifically the Gram + cells)

What does the second step of Gram Stain do?

it decolorizes, removes crystal violet from Gram (-) cells

What does the third step of the Gram Stain do?

it stains all cells pink

What does the fourth step of the Gram Stain do?

Monotrichous, Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, and Peritrichous

what are the four different arrangements of flagella?

Monotrichous

Which arrangement of flagella only contains one flagella at one pole?

Lophotrichous

Which arrangement of flagella contains one tuft of flagella at one pole?

Amphitrichous

Which arrangement of flagella can contain either one singular flagella or tufts of flagella at both poles?

Peritrichous

Which arrangement of flagella is covered from all sides?

ER, Lysosomes, Histones, Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts

Which six components that we have discussed only come from Eukaryotic cells?

Rough ER

ribosomes attached, proteins are held for packaging and transport

Smooth ER

no ribosomes attached, lipid synthesis and storage of nonprotein molecules

Lysosomes

digestion and recycling centers (garbage disposals)

Histones

organize and pack (-) DNA into nucleosomes (beads on a string)

nucleus

control center, separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, divide independently of the cell

chloroplasts

Photosynthesis, primary producers of all organic nutrients and oxygen

anchoring organelles, moving RNA and vesicles, and permitting shape changes and movements

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

what three components make up the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells?

nucleolus

site within the nucleus for rRNA synthesis, stains more due to RNA content

Adsorption, Penetration, Uncoating, Synthesis, Assembly, and Release

what is the general life cycle of animal viruses?

attachment to receptor sites on the cell membrane of a host cell

what is adsorption?

endocytosis, virus is engulfed by cell, virus in vacuole/vesicle

what is penetration?