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Lethal alleles
Alleles that cause an organism to die when present in homozygous condition.
Sex-influenced inheritance
the sex influences the expression of a phenotype that is not limited to one sex or the other
Sex-limited inheritance
Expression of specific phenotype is absolutely limited to one sex
Sexual dimorphism
Differences between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics.
Epistasis
A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
Pleiotropy
A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype
Cytoplasmic inheritance
Transmission of genes that occur outside the nucleus
Endosymbiosis theory
The theory that the eukaryotic cell evolved via the engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another.
Heteroplasmy
Presence of two or more distinct variants of DNA within the cytoplasm of a single cell.
Maternal effect
The genotype of the mother determines the phenotype of the offspring
Maternal inheritance
Genes that are inherited only from the mother (all organelles come only from the ovum).
Mendelian inheritance
the basic principles of the transmission of genetic material, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
Paternal inheritance
A type of inheritance in which the organelles in the offspring cells derive from those in the father.
Paternal leakage
paternal parents provides mitochondria through sperm
DNA methylation
The addition of methyl groups to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
Epigenetic inheritance
Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
Genomic imprinting
Variation in phenotype depending on whether an allele is inherited from the male or female parent.
Independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
Nonrecombinants
An offspring whose combination of traits has not changed from the parental generation.
Recombinant
An offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the parents
Syntenic blocks
blocks of linked loci within a genome
Acrocentric
Describes a chromosome whose centromere is placed very close to one end.
Deletion
A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed.
Duplication
A change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated
G band
A visible band that arises when eukaryotic chromosomes at prophase or metaphase are stained with the DNA dye Giemsa
Inversion
A chromosome piece reattaches to original chromosome but in reverse orientation
Metacentric
Centromere in middle of chromosome
Gene family
A group of genes with related functions
Interstitial deletion
A chromosome breaks at two locations, the central fragment is lost, and the outer pieces rejoin
Nonallelic homologous recombination
Recombination that occurs at sites within chromosomes due to the occurrence of repetitive sequences
Ortholog
Homologous genes in different species
Paralog
Genes that arise by duplication within species
pseudogene
A DNA segment very similar to a real gene but which does not yield a functional product; a gene that has become inactivated in a particular species because of mutation.
Repetitive sequences
Segments of DNA repeated multiple times in a genome
Terminal deletion
Deletion at end of chromosome
Unequal crossing-over
Misalignment of the two DNA molecules during crossing over, resulting in one DNA molecule with an insertion and the other with a deletion
Inversion heterozygote
A individual that carries one normal chromosome and a homologous chromosome with an inversion
Translocation
A fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.
Allodiploid
An organism that contains one set of chromosomes from two different species
Allopolyploid
A species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species
Autopolyploid
Polyploidy formed within a single species
Euploid
A normal number of chromosomes
Haplodiploid
When males are haploid, females are diploid
Monosomic
A chromosomal condition in which a particular cell has only one copy of a chromosome, instead of the normal two.
Complete nondisjunction
during meiosis or mitosis, when all of the chromosomes fail to disjoin and remain in one of the two daughter cells
Mosaicism
Presence of genetically distinct cell lines in the same individual
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
Genetic transfer
The method of increasing genetic variation in prokaryotes that involves cells "grabbing" stray pieces of DNA from their environment or exchanging DNA directly with other cells
Horizontal transfer
The transfer of DNA from one cell to another by a process other than cell division, such as bacterial conjugation
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Transduction
DNA is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient via a bacteriophage
Transfection
Transformation of bacteria with DNA extracted from a bacterial virus
Virus
A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Lysogenic cycle
A viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA
Lytic cycle
A viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses
Reverse transcriptase
A polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template
Chargaff's rule
A=T and C=G