Brain Mind and Behavior Exam 1 Fall 2021 Heyman

genes

the units of heredity that help determine the characteristics of an organism

gene expression

whether a particular gene is turned on or off

chromosomes

structures within the cell body that are made up of DNA, segments of which comprise individual genes

dominant gene

A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present

recessive gene

a gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent

genotype

the genetic constitution of an organism, determined at the moment of conception

phenotype

observable physical characteristics which result from both genetic and environmental influences

sex chromosomes (in females)

the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of 2 x chromosomes

sex chromosomes (in males)

the 23rd pair consists of one X and on Y chromosome

is the x or y chromosomes smaller

x

monozygotic twins

identical twins. result from one zygote

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins. result from two separately fertilized eggs

heredity

transmission f characteristics from parents to offspring through genes

heritability

a statistical estimate of the extent to which variation in a trait within a population is due to genetics

all of human development has _____ basis

genetic

heredity involves passing along genes thru...

reproduction

twin studies prove genes affect

behavior

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change. genetic expression may change due to experience

what happened on the voyage of the beagle

Darwin observed animals of South America Australia South Africa and islands in the pacific south Atlantic and Indian oceans

what is the origin of species

book Darwin wrote about natural selection after his travels

what is the 3 step process Darwin lays out for natural selection

variation, selection, and retention

what is variation

difference between animals among the same species

what is selection

environmental favoring of certain variants among others (based on competition)

what is retention

selection variants contribue to pool of genetic variation

developmental milestones of blind infants (social smile, wariness, attachment) are all met in what relative time frame to tighten infants

very similar

how was the blind children emotion study conducted

by measuring facial display verbalizations, and interview responses for children when given a toy that they liked & didn't like.

difference in blind and sighted children for positive facial displays

none

difference in blind and sighted children for negative facial displays

none

difference in blind and sighted children for verbalizations

blind children issued more neutral verbalizations than sighted

difference in blind and sighted children for interview responses

none

difference in blind and sighted children for beliefs about examines knowledge of Childs feelings

none

difference in blind and sighted children for facial control

non

what did the study show about how the visual status of a person affects their expressive control

sightedness doesn't affect ability to control, but it affects awareness of expressive control (blind children weren't as aware of their control attempts yet made more verbal controls)

why would it be that identical twins apart present more similarities than identical twins who grow up together

competition when together is inevitable, and exaggeration of differences is more likely

what does the twin study say about the contribution of heredity and and environment to mental and psychological traits

cant be boiled down to percentages, variations from individual to individual in malleability and susceptibility are so great

how are emotions adaptive (3)

1- facial expressions communicate emotion,

2- display rules differ across cultures and between the sexes,

3- emotions serve cognitive functions

what parts of the face are important in expressing emotion

eyes (ppl are more accurate when looking here) and mouth (more important when looking at the whole face)

what was the conclusion of the test to see how facial expression differed across cultures

recognition of facial expressions may be universal and therefore biologically based

display rules

cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions

what explains stereotypes of different cultures emotions & why people among cultures are better able to identify emotions within their own

display rules

cannot separate emotion from cognition, why?

bc of our instantaneous evaluations of what we perceive that guide out decision making, memory, and behavior

imprinting

any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that involves recognizing the characteristics of certain stimuli that are subsequently imprinted onto the subject

what is the most commonly found form of imprinting

filial imprinting. learning to recognize the characteristics of ones parents

sexual imprinting

the process by which a young animal learns the characteristics of a desirable mate

Westermarck effect

reverse sexual imprinting. the lack of sexual attraction between individuals, such as siblings, who lived together during their childhood

what is the theory for why the westermarck effect evolved

to suppress inbreeding

what is the structure of the brain associated with imprinting

the hyperstratium ventral (IMHV)

what is an application of the knowledge of imprinting

introducing birds into the wild by showing them how to fly, having understood how they learn via imprinting from their parents

imprinting is a product of both:

genetic and environmental influences

what animals is importing most obvious in

bird and reptiles

stress

any circumstance that upsets homeostatic balance

adrenal medulla

the inner core of the adrenal gland

epinephrine

(adrenaline) a compound that acts both as a hormone (secreted by the adrenal medulla under the control of the sympathetic nervous system)and as a synaptic transmitter

Norepinephrine

(noradrenaline) a neurotransmitter product es and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity

adrenal cortex

the steroid secretin outer rind of the adrenal gland

adrenal steroid hormone

a steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex

cortisol

a glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex

what are the 4 steps in the physiological reactions to stress

1- in response to stress, the hypothalamus activated the sympathetic nervous system.

2- the adrenal medulla (core of adrenal gland) releases epinephrine and norepinepherine.

3- the anterior pituarty released hormones that drive the outer part of the adrenal gland (the adrenal cortex) to release steroids such as cortisol.

4- hormones prepare body for action

stress immunization

the concept that mild stress early in life make an individual better able to handle stress later in life. the benefits seem to be due to effective comforting after stressful events, not the stressful events themselves

epigenetic regulation

changes in the genetic expression that are due to environmental effects rather than to changes in the nucleotide sequence of the gene

what are the 4 stressors

social stress microbes, toxins, impaired nutrition

what are the 4 factors in the body defense system against stress

immune system,

genetic factors,

endocrine factors,

and nervous system memory and perception coping and appraisal strategies

psychosomatic medicine

a field of study that emphasized the role of psychological factors in disease

health psychology

(aka behavioral medicine) fcuses on psychological influences on health related processes

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system and behaviror

mobilization of energy at the cost of energy storage stress response leads to what pathological consequence

fatigue, muscle wasting, diabetes

increase cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary tone stress response leads to what pathological consequence

hypertension

suppression of digestion stress response leads to what pathological consequence

ulcers

suppression of growth stress response leads to what pathological consequence

psychogenic dwarfism, bonedecalcification

suppression of reproduction stress response leads to what pathological consequence

suppression of ovulation, loss of libido

suppression of immunity and inflammatory response stress response leads to what pathological consequence

impaired disease resistance

analgesia (pain killing) stress response leads to what pathological consequence

apathy

neural responses (including altered cognition and sensory thresholds stress response leads to what pathological consequence

accelerated neural degeneration during aging

temperamental bias

distinctive pattens of feelings and behaviors that originate in the Childs biology and appear early in development

the biological foundation of a temperamental bias is usually (but not always)

genetic

what are two of the temperamental biases that have been studies most extensively

typical behaviors of 1-2 year olds to unfamiliar people, objects, and situations (behaviorally inhibited, and uninhibited)

what do high and low reactive infants (levels of motor activity and crying) reveal about themselves in temperament

high reactive infants report more unrealistic worries than most adolescents,

high reactive have thicker prefrontal cortex in area that mediate defensive postures to threat and amygdala that is more reactive to unexpected / unfamiliar scenes

the biology that is the foundation of a tembermental bias functions as

a contraint on what is possible rather than as a determining force

high reactive children - probability of not becoming super social is (high, low). probability of becoming quite anxious introvert is (high, low)

high, low

high earning college grads marrying each other has increased what & by how much

inequality by 25%

what are the five big trends that have transformed the home and workplace the past few decades

more education, more women in the workforce, more financial insecurity, more marital expectations, more assertive mating

how has marriage changing so that more people marry within their education levels increased inequality

college grads are leaving everyone else behind in many ways, and now in terms of marrying each other and not those of a lower class, as well

development of political attitudes depends, on average, about ___% on the environment in which we grew up and __% on our genes

60% environment, 40% genes

were more women who were carriers of certain receptor genotypes that have previously been associated with such traits as extroversion and novelty seeking liberal or conservativ

liberal

does openness to experience predict conservative or liberal idology

liberal

does conscientiousness go with liberal or conservative stance

conservativve

how could our ancestors proximity to higher levels of infection predict their conservativism

higher levels of infections shows that the driving force of evolution was fear of outsiders, conformity and ethnocentrism

for the Minnesota twin registry, how many twin pairs were there, and when are they recruited into the registry

8,000 twin pairs, from 1983-1990

based on the Minnesota twin registry conducted by funk, how much of the difference in self identified political ideology is explained by genetic factors

56%

Funk suggests __% of difference in authoritarian belief is inherited (Minnesota twins)

47%

Central Nervous System (CNS)

the brain and the spinal corn

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

All nerve cells in the body that are not part of the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

what is the basic unit of the nervous system

neurons

what are the two things that make up the peripheral nervous system

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

neurons

basic unit of the nervous system, cells that receive, integrate, transmit information in the nervous system. they operate through electrical impulses, communicate with other neutrons and form neural networks

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

cell body

the site in the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated

axon

a long narrow outgrowth of aneuron by which information is conducted from the cell body to the terminal buttons

terminal buttons

at the ends f axons, small nodules the release chemical signals from th neuron into the synapse

synapse

the gap between the terminal buttons of a sending neuron and the dendrites of a receiving neuron; the site at which chemical communication occurs between neurons