Protein Production

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The framework describing the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template.

Translation

The process where ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the encoded mRNA sequence.

mRNA

Messenger RNA, responsible for carrying genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)

A cellular organelle involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins, studded with ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Post-Translational Modification

Chemical changes to a protein that occur after it is synthesized, affecting its function and destination.

Vesicle

A membrane-bound sac that transports substances within a cell.

Cis Face of Golgi

The side of the Golgi apparatus that receives vesicles containing proteins from the rough ER.

Lumen

The interior space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum where protein folding and modifications occur.

Protein Secretion

The process by which proteins produced within the cell are transported out of the cell.

Nuclear Pores

Protein complexes that regulate the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins, of which there are about 20 different types.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The structure forming the cell membrane, composed of two layers of phospholipids.

Ribosome

A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating mRNA.

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and protein found in the nucleus, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.