1/77
Studying for the first time haha
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Queen Califia
Spanish tale of who ruled the California Island separated by the Colorado River
Kuksu
elaborate dancing/acting ceremonies where shaman “transformed” with a traditional costume
generally an initiation; jimson weed and others used to deepen connection
Acorns
california oak acorn; tough shell; high source of calories
social gender activity; women picked acorns
don’t provide high protein
humans cannot consume raw acorns; must bury and boil with hot rocks in baskets then grind down with rocks
sierra nevada
mountain range that determined the border of california
tribes adapted to vast mountains by season
california border is east of sierra nevadas
used to be glaciers; longest mountain range in california
central valley
vast territories; most acorn, salmon, and functional basketry; very fertile for agriculture; wetland wildlife
coastal mountain range
the main reason why it was so difficult for settlers to find a place to port along California
mt. lassen
one of the two cascade mountains known for volcanoes
forests provided timber and games
klamath mountains
located in Northern California; known for rugged terrain, forests, and geological features; latitudinal
mohave
high desert and low desert; socal
Hernán Cortés
burned his ships and refused to come home until he found gold
spanish Galleons
used to transport cargo; 8,000 mile trip
took current to phillipines; did trade; headed north; hug coast missing san. fran. because of coastal mountains
Francisco De Ulloa
among the first to disprove the cartographic misconception of the existence of the Island of California.
Manila Galleon
the Spanish trading ships that linked the Philippines in the Spanish East Indies to Mexico
Pacific Gyre
ecosystem that moves clockwise; current in the pascific ocean that rotates clockwise in a circle down the CA coast west towards phillipines then north and east to Alaska
Sir Francis Drake
credited knight; pirate settled along san. fran. bay; ripped off english goods
camped among miwok indians
Sebastian Cermeno
left from phillipines; shipwrecked due to storm
worked with miwok
Vizcaíno
map-making
last to search for cali port
found a harbor but lied about it being a closed bay(monterey)
guaranteed life pension if he found one
Jesuit Expulsion
jesuits were expelled from portugal because their spread of religion was to rigid to reform spanish colonial system
Franciscans
spread catholicism like jesuits to natives but with a begging order instead of rigid
Junipero Serra
exploring like portola; tried to settle with supplies but natives were too stern and attacked
received limited supplies and didn’t create a pathway first
believed all deserved religion
Presidios
fortified military posts; not all towns had them
Pueblos
native civilian communities that established agricultural grounds
Jose de Galvez
expelled the jesuits and replaced them with franciscians
expedition with 2 land groups and 3 ships to mexico
Encomienda
a track of land with one person in charge of all
new spain authorities granted officials this
Chumash
southern california tribe; accessed to aquatic life
tomol rig looks like sturdy canoe; sailed Catalina for steatite.
Miwok
central california tribe; vast territory; miwok acorn granaries (good dinosaur)
Yuma Indians
southern California tribe; along the colorado river valleys
Gaspar de Portola
needed to find the closed bay described by maps
passed monterey bay so discovered san. fran. bay
agreed to go home and arrived with supplies
Juan Cabrillo
attempted to explore islands off california coast
explored san diego; died on santa barbara chanel islands
first to really explore/have presence in California
Neophyte
converted natives living in missions
Ranchos
gifts to Californios from mexico for loyalty; land that promoted cattle ranching
Californios
Mexican settlers in Califonia after Mexico gained control fought to recapture LA from Fremont; fighting against american occupation without mexican support
Secularization
transition from religious to nonreligious values because of transition from spanish to mexican rule
gentile indians still dominated california’s population
california indian revolts were costly and deadly
mexican gov wanted missions to expand the ranchos
Russian Fur trappers
sea otters and fur seals; fort ross; colonization from alaska to california to follow the otters
Fort Ross
Russian fort
formulated form of agriculture; russian fur trappers
John Sutter
exploited indians to manage his estate a Swiss immigrant who established Sutter's Fort and owned significant land in the area
Hide and Tallow Trade
The hides of the cattle were taken to the shore and fat from the cattle was liquefied and separated into tallow, collected in repositories crafted from hides known as botas.
Both goods would be stockpiled near hub ports like San Diego and Monterey to await sale to international trading vessels
Richard Henry Dana
wrote “two years before the Mast”
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
second lieutenant in mexico army; defeated 150 miwok indians led by estanislao
took advantage of mission secularization and took indian land
Jedadiah Smith
pushed into california from the east for beaver trapping; attacked by a bear
William Wolfskil
Santa Fe Trappers
outtrapped beavers so headed west
conformed to Mexican requests and established his citris ranch
Ewing Young
Santa Fe Trappers
outrapped beavers so headed west
went to oregon and began a wood industry
reasons for Spanish colonization in Alta Cal
spread christianity
agriculture and civilization
tax-paying citizens
geopolitics-further european enroachment southward
(jose maria de) Echiandiá
the mexican governor of Alta California
goals and functions of missions
create schools, civilize indians via catholic education through bribes, intimidation, and forced indians
experience in european culture skills
turn indians into spanish california tax-payers
cultural disintigration and physical destruction
“gente de razon”
the people of reason; natives that learned hispanic cultural skills
turned indians into spanish californian tax-payers
Law of the Indies
the entire body of laws issued by the Spanish Crown for its American and Philippine possessions of its empire
Alcaldes
a magistrate or mayor of a town
Ayuntamiento
town council; farming, raising livestock, first cowboys, horseback; used against later
the “stirrings” of revolt (Bear Flag) in Calif.
phase 1: republic of California
phase 2: The Mexican-American War
American settlers rebelled against mexican government and proclaimed Cali a republic
John C. Fremont
army used indians to capture other indian horse theives H-company
(bear flag) wouldn’t leave CA; warned to stop raising the American flag and obey mexico; led american settlers through bear flag revolt
Admiral Sloat (Commodore Jake Sloat)
(Navy Pacific Squadron) sailed into monterey bay and flew us flag over customs house annexed alta Cali to the US
Stockton
(Command Pacific Quadron) aggressively wanted to subdue remains of californios resistance
rejected negotiations; occupied LA; claimed himself governor
cornered californios along with Fremont; ending the Bear Flag Revolt
Battle of the Old Woman’s Gun
Gillespie collected more men and headed back to LA; came upon a force of armed Californios
bloodiest battle yet
4 killed 6 wounded so Americans retreated
Pio Pico
CA Governor made LA the province’s capital; outspoken in favor of CA becoming a british protectorate
Stephen Kearney
a brevet Brigadier General that led American forces towards California
Battle of San Pasqual
victor still debated; Kearney and Americans vs Pico led Californios
15 minute long engagement; Californios excelled as horsemen
Cahuenga Treaty
ended the Bear Flag Revolt (one month war)
presented by Californios to Fremont
California Constitutional Convention
elected delegates at colton hall in Monterey to decide if it was a territory or emit as a state
13 members were hispanic and Angles representing ranchero class
mariano vallejo, abel stearns, john sutter, henry halleck, even southerners joined
Coastal Region
Abundant marine resources (fish, shellfish, seaweed) supported coastal tribes
Specialized tools and techniques developed for fishing and seafood gathering
basin and range
Limited water resources led to efficient water management techniques
Hunting, gathering, and trade sustained communities in the desert environment
explorers sought out gold, while monarchs and investors hoped for
economic advantages over rivals
missionaries
convert indians into catholics; other religious motivations like christians
naturalists
Desire to map world and fill in gaps in European understanding
Interest in learning about new cultures, plants, animals
social stratification in New Spain(order highest to lowest)
peninsulares
creoles
mestizos
indigenous peoples
what was the main picture for spains growth to regulate areas and indians
geopolitics
Introduction of European diseases to indians led to…
widespread epidemics (smallpox, measles)
Utilized forced labor and cultural assimilation to control the native population
the mission system (10 year period)
Spanish colonizers viewed native Californians as…
subjects to be converted and "civilized"; Relied heavily on native labor
Some groups resisted Spanish authority through…
rebellion or fleeing the missions; more likely to escape horseback; those caught were brought back with diseases
Fought to liberate Mexico from Spanish colonial rule and establish an independent
nation
California became a province of the newly independent Mexico, no longer under direct Spanish control
Mexico War of Independence
what were Polk’s geopolitical gains that were able to be completed after the discovery of gold
the population of California
who first discovered gold in a river bed when CA was still mexico occupied by US (American carpenter)
James Marshall
calhoun of south california- supporter of state rights; argued CA gave the north an advantage
Clay of Kentucky- favored CA free state; seeled a compromise hearing both sides
the compromise of 1850 (the big congress debate)
California was an independent republic for… (Bear Flag Revolt Lasted…)
one month; Articles of Capitulation
at Cahuenga Passed and America took control over the state
the US’s idea that it was their religious duty to expand geographically from the atlantic to pacific
manifest destiny