California History Midterm

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78 Terms

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Queen Califia

Spanish tale of who ruled the California Island separated by the Colorado River

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Kuksu

  • elaborate dancing/acting ceremonies where shaman “transformed” with a traditional costume

  • generally an initiation; jimson weed and others used to deepen connection

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Acorns

  • california oak acorn; tough shell; high source of calories

  • social gender activity; women picked acorns

  • don’t provide high protein

  • humans cannot consume raw acorns; must bury and boil with hot rocks in baskets then grind down with rocks

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sierra nevada

  • mountain range that determined the border of california

  • tribes adapted to vast mountains by season

  • california border is east of sierra nevadas

  • used to be glaciers; longest mountain range in california

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central valley

vast territories; most acorn, salmon, and functional basketry; very fertile for agriculture; wetland wildlife

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coastal mountain range

the main reason why it was so difficult for settlers to find a place to port along California

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mt. lassen

  • one of the two cascade mountains known for volcanoes

  • forests provided timber and games

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klamath mountains

located in Northern California; known for rugged terrain, forests, and geological features; latitudinal

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mohave

high desert and low desert; socal

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Hernán Cortés

burned his ships and refused to come home until he found gold

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spanish Galleons

  • used to transport cargo; 8,000 mile trip

  • took current to phillipines; did trade; headed north; hug coast missing san. fran. because of coastal mountains

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Francisco De Ulloa

among the first to disprove the cartographic misconception of the existence of the Island of California.

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Manila Galleon

the Spanish trading ships that linked the Philippines in the Spanish East Indies to Mexico

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Pacific Gyre

ecosystem that moves clockwise; current in the pascific ocean that rotates clockwise in a circle down the CA coast west towards phillipines then north and east to Alaska

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Sir Francis Drake

  • credited knight; pirate settled along san. fran. bay; ripped off english goods

camped among miwok indians

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Sebastian Cermeno

left from phillipines; shipwrecked due to storm

worked with miwok

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Vizcaíno

  • map-making

  • last to search for cali port

found a harbor but lied about it being a closed bay(monterey)

  • guaranteed life pension if he found one

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Jesuit Expulsion

jesuits were expelled from portugal because their spread of religion was to rigid to reform spanish colonial system

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Franciscans

spread catholicism like jesuits to natives but with a begging order instead of rigid

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Junipero Serra

  • exploring like portola; tried to settle with supplies but natives were too stern and attacked

  • received limited supplies and didn’t create a pathway first

  • believed all deserved religion

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Presidios

fortified military posts; not all towns had them

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Pueblos

native civilian communities that established agricultural grounds

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Jose de Galvez

expelled the jesuits and replaced them with franciscians

expedition with 2 land groups and 3 ships to mexico

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Encomienda

  • a track of land with one person in charge of all

  • new spain authorities granted officials this

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Chumash

southern california tribe; accessed to aquatic life

tomol rig looks like sturdy canoe; sailed Catalina for steatite.

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Miwok

central california tribe; vast territory; miwok acorn granaries (good dinosaur)

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Yuma Indians

southern California tribe; along the colorado river valleys

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Gaspar de Portola

  • needed to find the closed bay described by maps

passed monterey bay so discovered san. fran. bay

  • agreed to go home and arrived with supplies

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Juan Cabrillo

  • attempted to explore islands off california coast

  • explored san diego; died on santa barbara chanel islands

first to really explore/have presence in California

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Neophyte

converted natives living in missions

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Ranchos

gifts to Californios from mexico for loyalty; land that promoted cattle ranching

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Californios

Mexican settlers in Califonia after Mexico gained control fought to recapture LA from Fremont; fighting against american occupation without mexican support

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Secularization

transition from religious to nonreligious values because of transition from spanish to mexican rule

  1. gentile indians still dominated california’s population

  2. california indian revolts were costly and deadly

  3. mexican gov wanted missions to expand the ranchos

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Russian Fur trappers

  • sea otters and fur seals; fort ross; colonization from alaska to california to follow the otters

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Fort Ross

Russian fort

formulated form of agriculture; russian fur trappers

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John Sutter

exploited indians to manage his estate a Swiss immigrant who established Sutter's Fort and owned significant land in the area

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Hide and Tallow Trade

The hides of the cattle were taken to the shore and fat from the cattle was liquefied and separated into tallow, collected in repositories crafted from hides known as botas.

Both goods would be stockpiled near hub ports like San Diego and Monterey to await sale to international trading vessels

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Richard Henry Dana

wrote “two years before the Mast”

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Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

  • second lieutenant in mexico army; defeated 150 miwok indians led by estanislao

  • took advantage of mission secularization and took indian land

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Jedadiah Smith

pushed into california from the east for beaver trapping; attacked by a bear

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William Wolfskil

Santa Fe Trappers

  • outtrapped beavers so headed west

  • conformed to Mexican requests and established his citris ranch

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Ewing Young

Santa Fe Trappers

  • outrapped beavers so headed west

  • went to oregon and began a wood industry

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reasons for Spanish colonization in Alta Cal

  1. spread christianity

  2. agriculture and civilization

  3. tax-paying citizens

geopolitics-further european enroachment southward

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(jose maria de) Echiandiá

the mexican governor of Alta California

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goals and functions of missions

  • create schools, civilize indians via catholic education through bribes, intimidation, and forced indians

  • experience in european culture skills

  • turn indians into spanish california tax-payers

  • cultural disintigration and physical destruction

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“gente de razon”

  • the people of reason; natives that learned hispanic cultural skills

  • turned indians into spanish californian tax-payers

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Law of the Indies

the entire body of laws issued by the Spanish Crown for its American and Philippine possessions of its empire

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Alcaldes

a magistrate or mayor of a town

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Ayuntamiento

town council; farming, raising livestock, first cowboys, horseback; used against later

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the “stirrings” of revolt (Bear Flag) in Calif.

phase 1: republic of California

phase 2: The Mexican-American War

  • American settlers rebelled against mexican government and proclaimed Cali a republic

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John C. Fremont

army used indians to capture other indian horse theives H-company

(bear flag) wouldn’t leave CA; warned to stop raising the American flag and obey mexico; led american settlers through bear flag revolt

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Admiral Sloat (Commodore Jake Sloat)

(Navy Pacific Squadron) sailed into monterey bay and flew us flag over customs house annexed alta Cali to the US

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Stockton

(Command Pacific Quadron) aggressively wanted to subdue remains of californios resistance

  • rejected negotiations; occupied LA; claimed himself governor

  • cornered californios along with Fremont; ending the Bear Flag Revolt

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Battle of the Old Woman’s Gun

  1. Gillespie collected more men and headed back to LA; came upon a force of armed Californios

  1. bloodiest battle yet

  2. 4 killed 6 wounded so Americans retreated

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Pio Pico

CA Governor made LA the province’s capital; outspoken in favor of CA becoming a british protectorate

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Stephen Kearney

a brevet Brigadier General that led American forces towards California

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Battle of San Pasqual

victor still debated; Kearney and Americans vs Pico led Californios

15 minute long engagement; Californios excelled as horsemen

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Cahuenga Treaty

ended the Bear Flag Revolt (one month war)

  • presented by Californios to Fremont

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California Constitutional Convention

  1. elected delegates at colton hall in Monterey to decide if it was a territory or emit as a state

  2. 13 members were hispanic and Angles representing ranchero class

  3. mariano vallejo, abel stearns, john sutter, henry halleck, even southerners joined

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Coastal Region

  • Abundant marine resources (fish, shellfish, seaweed) supported coastal tribes

  • Specialized tools and techniques developed for fishing and seafood gathering

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basin and range

  • Limited water resources led to efficient water management techniques

  • Hunting, gathering, and trade sustained communities in the desert environment

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explorers sought out gold, while monarchs and investors hoped for

economic advantages over rivals

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missionaries

convert indians into catholics; other religious motivations like christians

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naturalists

  • Desire to map world and fill in gaps in European understanding

  • Interest in learning about new cultures, plants, animals

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social stratification in New Spain(order highest to lowest)

  1. peninsulares

  2. creoles

  3. mestizos

  4. indigenous peoples

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what was the main picture for spains growth to regulate areas and indians

geopolitics

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Introduction of European diseases to indians led to…

widespread epidemics (smallpox, measles)

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Utilized forced labor and cultural assimilation to control the native population

the mission system (10 year period)

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Spanish colonizers viewed native Californians as…

subjects to be converted and "civilized"; Relied heavily on native labor

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Some groups resisted Spanish authority through…

rebellion or fleeing the missions; more likely to escape horseback; those caught were brought back with diseases

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  • Fought to liberate Mexico from Spanish colonial rule and establish an independent

  • nation

  • California became a province of the newly independent Mexico, no longer under direct Spanish control

Mexico War of Independence

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what were Polk’s geopolitical gains that were able to be completed after the discovery of gold

the population of California

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who first discovered gold in a river bed when CA was still mexico occupied by US (American carpenter)

James Marshall

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  • calhoun of south california- supporter of state rights; argued CA gave the north an advantage

  • Clay of Kentucky- favored CA free state; seeled a compromise hearing both sides

the compromise of 1850 (the big congress debate)

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California was an independent republic for… (Bear Flag Revolt Lasted…)

one month; Articles of Capitulation

at Cahuenga Passed and America took control over the state

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the US’s idea that it was their religious duty to expand geographically from the atlantic to pacific

manifest destiny