DIASS FINALS 2

Journalism

The activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information.

Purpose of Journalism

To inform, educate, persuade, and entertain.

Core Functions of Journalism

Watchdog: Holds the powerful accountable.

Hutchins Commission - Core Responsibilities

Provide a truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent account of events.

9 Elements of Journalism

Journalism's first obligation is to the truth.

Key News Values

Timeliness: Is it recent?

Threats to Journalism

Commercialization: News as a business can lead to prioritizing profit over public interest.

Legal Challenges - Libel

Libel as a Threat to Human Dignity: A published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation.

Four Elements of Libel

Defamatory Imputation: The statement must be damaging.

Malice

Ill will or knowledge of falsity.

Identification

The person must be identifiable.

Publication

The statement must be shared with a third person.

False Advertising

Making false claims about a product.

Propaganda Techniques

Manipulating emotions to persuade.

Stealth Advertising

Hiding promotional intent.

Targeting Children

Exploiting the vulnerability of young audiences.

Stereotyping & Gratuitous Content

Using harmful stereotypes or overly sexualized imagery.

Bending the truth

Creating a favorable image.

Preoccupation with facts

Facts that serve an agenda.

Lack of transparency

About clients and motives.

Violence, Sex, and Strong Language

Must be regulated and presented in proper context.

Product Placement

Subtly advertising products within content.

Stereotyping in Broadcast Media

Portrayals that can blur, bend, and blend perceptions of social groups.

Welfare of Subjects and Crew

Ensuring fair labor and safety.

Portrayal of Real People

Respecting the dignity of individuals in documentaries.

Clarity of Purpose

Being clear about whether a film is fact or fiction.

Ethics as a Guiding Principle

Good intentions and a commitment to not causing harm.

Handling Complaints

The need for a system of redress for the public.

The Role of the Ombudsman

An independent person or body to investigate and address complaints against an organization.

Communication as a Broad Discipline

Includes Arts and Humanities, Social Science, and Practical Craft.

Public

A broad group with shared interests.

Audience

A more specific, targeted group for a particular message.

Types of Group Communication

Task, Climate, Procedural.

Career Opportunities in Communication

Includes roles in Media & News, Corporate & Agency, Academe, and Specialized Fields.

The Future of Journalism

Depends on both ethical practitioners and a well-informed public.

Sender

The person or entity initiating the message. (e.g., A teacher explaining a concept to students).

Message

The information, idea, or feeling being conveyed. (e.g., The scientific principles of photosynthesis).

Channel

The medium through which the message travels. (e.g., Spoken words, a textbook, a video).

Receiver

The audience or person who gets the message. (e.g., The students listening and reading).

Feedback

The receiver's response or reaction to the message. (e.g., Students asking questions or nodding in understanding).

The Ritual View

This sees communication not just as sending information, but as a practice that builds and maintains society. (e.g., Daily greetings like 'Good morning!' reinforce social bonds).

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication with oneself. (e.g., Thinking through a problem, rehearsing a speech in your head).

Interpersonal Communication

Exchange between two or more people. (e.g., A conversation with a friend, a team meeting at work).

Public Communication

A speaker formally addressing an audience. (e.g., A politician giving a campaign speech, a CEO's keynote address).

Mediated Communication

Communication using technology to bridge distance. (e.g., A video call, sending an email, watching the nightly news).

Institutional Communication

Communication within a formal organization's structure. (e.g., The official press release from a company, a university's policy memo).

Philippine Information Agency (PIA)

Disseminates information about government programs.

People's Television Network (PTV)

The state-run broadcast network.

Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT)

Focuses on national ICT development.

National Telecommunications Commission (NTC)

Regulates broadcast and telecommunication services.

Nongovernment Service (NGOs)

Communication for social causes and advocacy. (e.g., An NGO creating an online campaign to raise funds for disaster victims; a communications officer for an environmental group).

Academic Practice

Teaching, research, and media production in an educational setting. (e.g., A university professor teaching communication theory; students running their campus radio station).

New Media

Provides powerful tools for connection but demands we use them responsibly and critically.

YouMedia

The audience is no longer passive; they are active creators. (e.g., Anyone can start a personal blog, a podcast, or a YouTube channel to share their views).

Interconnectedness

Linking platforms.

Interactivity

Engaging with content.

Ubiquity

Accessible anywhere.

Interpersonal Communication Media

Used for private, person-to-person interaction. (e.g., Mobile calls, E-mail, instant messaging apps like Messenger).

Interactive Play Media

For entertainment and immersive experiences.

Information Search Media

Used to find and retrieve information. (e.g., Using Google to search for facts, browsing an online encyclopedia).

Collective Participatory Media

Used to share ideas and build communities. (e.g., Participating in online forums, contributing to a collaborative blog).

Social Media

Can be a powerful tool for building communities and promoting social good when used effectively.

Engaging the Modern Audience

They like to be engaged (e.g., Ask questions and run polls in your posts).

Categories of Social Media

Wiki (e.g., Wikipedia), Social Networking Site (e.g., Facebook), Discussion Forum (e.g., Reddit), Microblog (e.g., X, formerly Twitter).

Communication Research

To move beyond assumptions and use data to understand how communication works.

Audience Research and Reception Studies

Focuses on how different people can interpret the same message in unique ways. (e.g., A film studio holding a test screening to see how an audience reacts to a movie's ending).

Methods of Audience Research

Interviews, participant observation, textual analysis (e.g., analyzing the themes in a politician's speeches), discourse analysis.

Pulse Asia

Often conducts surveys on public opinion regarding political figures and national issues.

Social Weather Station (SWS)

Known for its quarterly surveys on poverty, hunger, and governance.

AGB Nielsen

Provides television audience measurement (ratings) to see what shows people are watching.

Kantar Media

Analyzes media consumption across various platforms, including print and digital.

Ibon Foundation

Conducts research and advocacy on socioeconomic issues affecting Filipinos.

Communication

A fundamental process that shapes our reality, involving key elements from sender to feedback.

Digital Age

Powered by New Media, has democratized content creation, making us all communicators.

Effective Communication

Relies on solid research and a deep understanding of the audience.

Field of Communication

Constantly evolving, offering diverse and significant career opportunities for those who can adapt and innovate.

Communication Definition

A process that is both systemic and process-oriented.

Meaning in Communication

Involves the interpretation of shared messages.

Etymology of Communication

From the Latin word communicare, meaning 'to share' or 'to divide out.'

Preliterate Age

Use of sounds and gestures to express thought.

Literate Age

Development of writing, characters, and glyphs/symbols.

Print Age

Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1400s.

Electronic Age

Invention of various forms of mass media, paving the way for modern infrastructure.

Interdisciplinary Field

Communication is highly interdisciplinary, borrowing concepts from other fields to understand the human experience.

Psychology in Communication

Views communication as a behavior and an expression of inner thoughts.

Sociology in Communication

Sees communication as the core of how people come together to form societies.

Anthropology in Communication

Focuses on how communication enables cultural formation and the sharing of meanings, codes, and symbols.

Core Values of Communication

Personal Identity and Health: Your personality is a product of your interactions. Communication is essential for health care.

Relationship Values

Communication fosters relationships and allows us to build connections with others.

Professional Values

Effective communication is closely linked to professional success and a productive work environment.

Societal Values

It is our responsibility as citizens to contribute to public interest by expressing and evaluating ideas.

Communication Models

Conceptual models help theorists show how communication works in various contexts.

Transmission Models

View communication as a process of conveying a fixed quantity of information from a sender to a source.

Lasswell's Model

1948: 'Who says what, through which channel, to whom, and with what effect?'

Shannon and Weaver's Model

1949: A linear model including Information Source, Transmitter, Signal, Noise Source, Receiver, and Destination.

Katz and Lazarsfeld's Two-Step Flow Theory

1955: A publicity model suggesting media messages are filtered through opinion leaders.

Reception Models

Focus on how audiences understand, interpret, and decode messages.

Schramm's Model

Views communication as a cycle where the sender and receiver are in a loop, constantly changing roles as encoder, interpreter, and decoder.

Levels of Communication

Intrapersonal: Communication with oneself (e.g., reflection, self-appraisal).

Small Group Communication

Interaction among a small number of people for a purpose.