EOC Science
Studied by 0 people
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards1/108
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
|---|
No study sessions yet.
109 Terms
When does dehydration synthesis occur?
when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule (during anabolic reactions)
When does hydrolysis occur?
During the breakdown of a polymer, a water molecule is reattached. (During catabolic reactions.)
When looking at a graph, an enzyme's peak reaction (activity) is shown at ____.
the highest point
What does it mean when an enzyme denatures?
● Active site changes shape (eg. due to too high temp. or too high / low pH)
● So substrate no longer binds / fits and reaction can no longer be catalysed
What is a substrate? (enzymes)
The reactant that an enzyme acts on (what goes in to the enzyme)
What is a product? (enzymes)
What is produced after an enzyme reaction occurs. (what comes out of the enzyme)
What is the active site? (enzyme)
where the substrate binds to the enzyme
golgi (aparatus, body, complex)
packages and ships out proteins
nucleolous
Makes ribosomes
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Lysosomes
organelle filled with enzymes that break down certain materials in the cell. also perform apoptosis
ribosomes
Makes proteins
Mitochondria
Energy source of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
Cytoskeleton
A network of long protein strands in the cytoplasm that helps support the cell
Rough ER
synthesizes (specializes) proteins
Smooth ER
filters toxins; processes lipids and steroids
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell; allows certain materials in and out of the cell
Centrioles
Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
A jellylike fluid inside the cell which protects the organelles by keeping them suspended
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is where water, food, and waste is stored
cell wall
A rigid structure, made of cellulose, that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the plant cell
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)
active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy (sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis)
pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests small particles (extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes)
phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
integral protein (cell membrane)
protein that goes through both phospholipid bilayers
glycoproteins and glycolipids
involved in cell to cell recognition, are carbohydrate chains that are attached to either a phospholipid (glycolipid) or a protein (glycoprotein)
peripheral protein (cell membrane)
protein that is imbedded in only one phospholipid layer
cholesterol (cell membrane)
gives the cell membrane fluidity (flexibility), located between the phospholipid bilayer
What happens when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
the cell can swell and burst (cytolysis)
What happens when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
the cell shrinks/shrivels up (plasmolysis)
endosymbiotic theory
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
What happens in an isotonic solution?
the cell remains the same
Hypertonic solutions have .
more solute in them (outside of the cell)
Hypotonic solutions have __.
less solute in them (outside of the cell)
Formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Where does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplast
Where does cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria
What is glycolysis?
the breakdown of glucose (sugar) by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Produces 2 ATPs.
What does the Krebs cycle do?
takes the products of glycolysis and reworks them to create another 2 ATPs.
What are the products of the light reaction in photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH (takes place in the thylakoids)
What happens after Pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA, then it enters the Krebs cycle.
What is the final electron receptor in the ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?
oxygen
What occurs in the Calvin cycle?
sugar is made from carbon dioxide; the conversion of RUBP and CO2 into G3P
What are the components of a molecule of ATP?
One ribose sugar, one adenine (nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups
What is fermentation and when does it occur?
It forms ATP without oxygen. It occurs after glycolysis when no oxygen is present.
What are the two types of fermentation?
lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
What holds the nitrogen bases together in a strand of DNA? (rungs of the ladder)
hydrogen bonds
What does DNA ligase do in DNA replication?
joins Okazaki fragments together
What are Okazaki fragments?
Relatively short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What does polymerase I do in DNA replication?
It replaces the RNA primers/nucleotides with DNA nucleotides from 5' to 3' direction.
What does helicase do in DNA replication?
unwinds/unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds
What does polymerase III do in DNA replication?
synthesizes both of the leading strand of DNA and of Okazaki fragments by the extension of RNA primers.
What does DNA ligase do in DNA replication?
joins Okazaki fragments together (seals the nicks)
What is Chargaff's rule?
A=T and G=C
What occurs during the cell cycle?
a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells; consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) cell division (PMAT and cytokinesis)
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis is the replication of identical somatic (body) cells; meiosis is the formation of sex cells (gametes)
What is apoptosis and why is it important?
programmed/intentional cell death: breaking down cells to kill them and recycles their contents
it prevents cells from passing on their dangerous traits to other cells (e.g if cell has a tumour)
What cells stay in the G0 phase (where they will not replicate)?
nerve and brain cells
What is DNA fingerprinting?
The analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals.
How does cloning work?
researchers remove a mature somatic cell, such as a skin cell, from an animal that they wish to copy. They then transfer the DNA of the donor animal's somatic cell into an egg cell, or oocyte, that has had its own DNA-containing nucleus removed.
What is gel electrophoresis?
Separates DNA by length.
It is pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.
Compares an unknown DNA to a known DNA.
How do restriction enzymes work?
They cut DNA at sites that have a specific nucleotide sequence.
How are transgenic organisms made?
the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism
How is recombinant DNA processed?
*Restriction enzyme cuts the gene of interest.
*The gene of intertest is added to the bacterial plasmid, creating a recombinant plasmid.
*The recombinant plasmid is placed back in the bacteria.
*Bacteria is cultured (grow more of them).
*Bacteria is inserted into target organism where the gene of interest can be of use.
What is antibiotic resistance?
when the medicine no longer affects the bacteria because they are immune to it.
What is pesticide resistance?
pest species evolve resistance to pesticides. the more we use pesticides, the more we select for resistant pests and increase in pesticide-resistant species. overtime grows resistance and we need new pesticides constantly. this also occurs for bacteria and antibiotics, and viruses.
What is natural selection?
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
What is crossing over and when does it occur?
The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes during prophase I
What is adaptive radiation?
When a single species or small group of species evolved into several different forms from one common ancestor.
What is temporal isolation?
when two or more species reproduce at different times/seasons
What is directional selection?
When characteristics of an organism shift from one type to another type (one extreme or the other). (bell curve shifts to either the right OR the left)
What is stabilizing selection?
When the characteristics of an organism shift to the mid-line spectrum characteristic. (when the bell curve concentrates in the middle of the spectrum).
What is disruptive selection?
When the characteristics of an organism shift to both extremes at the same time. (bell curve splits so that both extremes have larger amounts).
What is genetic drift?
A change in allele frequencies caused by random events
What is the founder effect? Give an example.
A small group of organisms break away from the larger group and create a new population in an unsettled territory; finding new area to create new population
Ex. Birds carrying seeds to new location
What is convergent evolution?
unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world
What is divergent evolution?
Occurs as groups of the same population develop away from each other and become less and less similar.
What do cladograms and phylogenic trees do?
show the relationship of species
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
What is gradualism?
Slow, steady change over geologic time
What occurs during an algae bloom?
Algae multiplies rapidly, causing a thick layer over the surface of water. The algae releases toxins into the water, the animals in the water are harmed by the toxins. Predators of these animals also become harmed by the toxins from their prey. This occurs up the food chain, causing biomagnification.
What is biomagnification/bioaccumulation?
the concentration of pesticides in higher levels of food chains
What is exponential growth? (J-curve)
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate (does not level off)
What is logistic growth? (S-curve)
This occurs when a population's growth slows and then stops, following a period of exponential growth.
What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Primary succession creates a climax community from scratch/only rocks.
Secondary succession creates a climax community from a once existing community that was struck by fire.
phosphorus cycle steps
Over time, rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals. This inorganic phosphate is then distributed in soils and water.
Plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil. The plants may then be consumed by animals. Once in the plant or animal, the phosphate is incorporated into organic molecules such as DNA. When the plant or animal dies, it decays, and the organic phosphate is returned to the soil.
Within the soil, organic forms of phosphate can be made available to plants by bacteria that break down organic matter to inorganic forms of phosphorus. This process is known as mineralisation.
Phosphorus in soil can end up in waterways and eventually oceans. Once there, it can be incorporated into sediments over time.
Carbon Cycle Steps
- Plant leaves take carbon dioxide from air
- Plants store carbon in carbohydrates or starches
- photosynthesis)
- Plants & animals release carbon dioxide back into the air (cellular respiration)
- Decomposers return carbon to environment (decomposition)
nitrogen cycle steps
nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification
What is nitrogen fixation?
Nitrogen from the atmosphere is converted into a usable form of nitrogen for organisms.
What is nitrification?
a process that breaks down ammonia into nitrites or nitrates
What is the water cycle?
the cycle of processes by which water circulates between the earth's oceans, atmosphere, and land, involving precipitation as rain and snow, drainage in streams and rivers, and return to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration