Autism Notes

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder characterized by impairment in social interaction and communication, presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors, unusual responses to sensory information, high sensitivity to changes in environment, and dependence on routines.

ASD Level 1

Individuals at this level require some support to address issues like inhibited social interaction and lack of organization and planning skills.

ASD Level 2

Individuals at this level require substantial support. Issues are more apparent and include trouble with verbal communication, restricted interests, and frequent repetitive behaviors.

ASD Level 3

This level requires very substantial support. Signs from Levels 1 and 2 are more severe, and individuals have limited ability to communicate and interact socially.

Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRB)

Abnormal or intense preoccupation with routines or patterns.

Sensory processing disorder

Hypo or hyper reactivity to sensory information, or unusual preoccupation with the sensory aspects of the environment.

Theory of mind

The ability to perceive another’s thoughts, often difficult for individuals with ASD.

Echolalia

The echoing back of another’s behavior or scripting.

Stimming

Seeking repetitive stimulation to calm or organize oneself.

Diagnostic process for ASD

Includes referral for screening, individual assessment by a clinician, covering history, physical examination, parent interview, tests of language, cognition, and sensory, as well as observation and audiological testing.

Signs and symptoms of ASD

Include difficulty with social communication, motor abnormalities, sensory processing disorders, feeding disorders, co-occurring medical disorders, strong need for routines, and sleep disturbances.

Etiology of ASD

No clear etiologic factor, likely originates in utero with abnormalities in brain development, with evidence for genetic and environmental factors.

Prognosis for ASD

Many children improve, but some individuals have residual issues throughout their lifetime, with IQ and language skills being strong predictors of functional issues.

Early identification of ASD

Key to effective intervention, especially during ages 0-3 years.

Medications for ASD

Limited pharmacological interventions focus on treating hyperactivity, irritability, anxiety, and perseveration; includes stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall.

Occupational Therapy Intervention

Highly individualized approach focusing on sensory integration, ADL/IADL retraining, and family education.