Biology Chapter 4 - Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

https://youtu.be/JjtzMQDdyuM?si=7Motr5DkE26ODC84 (Cis–trans) ----https://youtu.be/pg6GWz3zXas?si=Z8zwpk_8BWU4RUqD(Structural Isomers)----https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-2OTlRH65g(enantiomers)

What is the skeleton or backbone of life?

Carbon

Carbon

Chemical element with symbol C

Double bonds create _________.

Planar structures

Triple bonds lead to _____________.

Linear shapes

What is adipose tissue?

A we way store energy as fat

Why is carbon so special?

It has the ability to form large, complex, and varied molecules

Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon-containing compounds, regardless of their origin.(carbon chemistry)

Stanely Miller experiment

Demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds

Abiotic Synthesis

The formation of organic molecules without the involvement of living organisms,

Four Carbon skeleton variations

1. Length

2. Branching.

3. Double bond position

4. Number of rings

How many bonds can carbon form?

Four bonds

Which three elements are described as carbon's "most frequent partners"?

Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

four valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds and make a wide variety of organic molecules.

Stanley Miller's experiments supports the idea that life could have started where?

Near volcanoes

Major Elements of Life

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P), which are uniform across all living organisms.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in chemical bonding.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Tetrahedral Shape

The three-dimensional shape of a molecule when a carbon atom forms four single bonds.

Double Bond

A covalent bond involving two pairs of shared electrons between two atoms, causing atoms to lie in the same plane.

Carbon Skeleton

The chain or ring of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of an organic molecule.

Hydrocarbon

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms (e.g., methane, propane).

FILL: Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a lot of ______.

Energy

TRUE or FALSE: Hydrocarbons are fats

FALSE; hydrocarbons are parts of fats, but they are NOT fats themselves

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

Structural Isomers

Isomers that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms.

Cis-Trans Isomers

Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangement around a double bond.

Cis-Trans Isomers ALWAYS have what type of bond?

Double bonds

Cis Isomers

the two Xs are on the same side

Trans Isomers

the two Xs are on opposite sides

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed.

Functional Group

a specific group of atoms within a molecule that gives the molecule its unique properties and determines how it will react with other molecules

What gives each molecules its unique property?

The number and arrangement of functional groups

What components of organic molecules are most commonly involved in chemical reactions?

Functional groups

Hydroxyl Group (-OH)

A functional group found in alcohols; polar and hydrophilic.

Carbonyl Group (>C=O)

A functional group found in aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

A functional group found in carboxylic acids; acidic properties.

Amino Group (-NH₂)

A functional group found in amines; basic properties.

Sulfhydryl Group (-SH)

A functional group found in thiols; important in protein structure.

Phosphate Group (-OPO₃²⁻)

A functional group found in ATP and nucleic acids; stores energy.

Methyl Group (-CH₃)

A functional group that affects gene expression and protein function.

What are the 7 most important functional groups?

1. Hydroxyl group

2. Carbonyl group

3. Carboxyl group

4. Amino group

5. Sulfhydryl group

6. Phosphate group

7. Methyl group

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Molecule that stores and transfers energy in cells.

What does ATP consist of?

composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups

What happens when ATP reacts with water?

the third phosphate is split off and energy is released to be come ADP

What process causes ATP to lose a phosphate group when it reacts with water?

Hydrolysis

What is hydrolysis?

A chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down by water

Energy Release

The process by which ATP reacts with water, releasing energy that drives cellular processes.

Valence

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form, determined by its unpaired valence electrons.

FILL: The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to its ________ , which determines the ________ it can form.

valence, number of covalent bonds

Oxygen has six valence electrons. How many covalent bonds can it form?

2 bonds

nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. How many more electrons does nitrogen need to satisfy the octet rule?

3 electrons

Hydrophobic

Water-repelling; a property of nonpolar molecules like hydrocarbons.

Hydrophilic

Water-attracting; a property of polar molecules like those with hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, making it soluble in water.

Nonpolar Molecule

A molecule with an even distribution of charge, making it insoluble in water.

Single carbon bonds result in ___________.

Tetrahedral shapes