PSYC 3430 SELU Exam 1 Review Questions

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response:

A. Is caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the motor neurons to transmitter released by the sensory neurons.

B. Is caused by a decrease in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons.

C. Is caused by an increase in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons.

D. Is caused by an increase in the activity of interneurons.

B

In a conditioned suppression procedure, the indication that a subject has associated CS and US is:

A. An increase in responding when the CS comes on.

B. A decrease in responding when the CS comes on.

C. An increase in responding when the US comes on.

D. A decrease in responding when the US comes on.

B

Rascorla's (1973) experiment suggest that _______ associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US.

A. R-S

B. R-R

C. S-R

D. S-S

D

If a novel stimulus is presented shortly before the occurrence of a CS that has just undergone extinction, the CR is likely to reappear. This phenomenon is known as:

A. Spontaneous Recovery

B. External Inhibition

C. Summation

D. Disinhibition

D

A respondent conditioning procedure in which the CS and US are presented at the same moment:

A. Simultaneous Conditioning

B. Backward Conditioning

C. Trace Conditioning

D. Delayed Conditioning

A

According to the Principle of Frequency, which scenario is most likely to create a strong learned association?

A. A student hears a fire alarm once and remembers it forever.

B. A dog hears a bell paired with food multiple times ad begins to salivate at the sound.

C. A person gets sick once after eating seafood and never eats it again.

D. A child sees a rainbow once and remembers its colors perfectly.

B

In an experiment, a tone (CS1) is repeatedly paired with food (US) until a dog salivates to the tone alone. Then, a light (CS2) is presented along with the tone but no new learning occurs for the light. What does this demonstrate?

A. Extinction

B. Habituation

C. The Blocking Effect

D. The Principle of Frequency

C

If the probability of a shock in a conditioned suppression procedure is 50% in the presence of a tone and 50% in the absence of the tone, the tone will probably:

A. Remain Neutral

B. Undergo Habituation

C. Become a CS+

D. Become a CS-

A

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that in a series of trials with a single, novel CS, the increase in associative strength per trial:

A. Will be the same on every trial.

B. Will be the greatest on the first few trials.

C. Will be the greatest on the last few trials.

D. Will be the greatest in the middle of training.

B

According to Wagner's Sometimes Opponent Process Theory, the CR will be a compensatory response rather than a mimicking response when:

A. The UR is Monophasic

B. The UR is Biphasic

C. The UR has been Habituated

D. The UR is Aversive

B

What does Direct Replication Involve?

A. Repeating the same study without changes

B. Changing one key variable in the study

C. Using different species to replicate the study

D. Changing multiple conditions at once

A

Which of the following best describes Kinesis in animals?

A. A directional movement in response to a stimulus, such as a plant growing towards light.

B. A random, non-directional movement in response to a stimulus, such as woodlouse increasing movement in dry conditions.

C. A learned behavior where an animal associates a stimulus with a response.

D. A reflexive action triggered by a specific environmental cue.

B

Which of the following best describes a fixed-action pattern (FAP) in animal behavior?

A. A learned behavior that an animal acquires though experience and practice.

B. A random movement in response to a stimulus, with no specific pattern or goal.

C. An instinctive, sequence of behaviors that is triggered by a specific stimulus and is carried out to completion.

D. A flexible behavioral response that can be modified based on environmental conditions.

C

When a CS is not paired with a US anymore, the subsequent fading of a CR is called (The 2nd portion of the graph showing the reduction of CR):

A. Acquisition

B. Extinction

C. Spontaneous Recovery

D. I Don't Know

B

When the CS is reintroduced after a period of Extinction and Rest, what will occur (The last portion of the graph showing the reappearance of the CR):

A. Acquisition

B. Extinction

C. Spontaneous Recovery

D. I Don't Know

C

A child hears the music of an ice cream truck and receives ice cream and becomes excited. Over time, the child becomes excited just from hearing the truck's music. In this scenario, "ice cream" would be regarded as:

A. Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

B. Unconditioned Response (UR)

C. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

D. Conditioned Response (CR)

A

A person eats sushi and later gets food poisoning. Now, they feel nauseated at the sight of sushi. In this scenario, what would be the Conditioned Response?

A. Sight of Sushi

B. Food Poisoning

C. Nausea at the sight of Sushi

D. Nausea as a result of food poisoning

C

In the context of Classical Conditioning, what is Generalization?

A. The process of learning to respond differently to distinct but similar stimuli.

B. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus.

C. The weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

D. The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

B

In the context of Classical Conditioning, what is Backward Conditioning?

A. A type of conditioning where the neutral stimulus is presented before the US.

B. A conditioning process in which the US is presented before the neutral stimulus.

C. A situation where a CR reappears after extinction when exposed to the CS.

D. A form of learning where an organism learns to differentiate between similar stimuli.

B

In the context of Classical Conditioning, what is Overshadowing?

A. When a previously learned CS interferes with the learning of a new CS.

B. When 2 stimuli are presented together, but the more salient stimulus dominates the conditioning process. preventing the weaker stimuli from being associated with the UR.

C. When an organism responds to a stimulus similar to the CS.

D. When a CR weakens over time due to repeated exposure without reinforcement.

B

How do Attention-Based Theories of Classical Conditioning differ from the Rescorla-Wagner Model?

A. They propose that organisms can learn to focus more on predictive conditioned stimuli.

B. They suggest that organisms gradually decrease attention to the US.

C. They argue that only the US captures attention during learning.

D. They deny the role of attention in conditioning altogether.

A

What neural change occurs in Postsynaptic Neurons after conditioning?

A. Decreased neurotransmitter release and weaker synaptic connections.

B. A reduction in synaptic activity to prevent overstimulation.

C. Enhanced dendritic sensitivity leading to stronger synaptic responses.

D. Complete desensitization to further chemical stimulation.

C

Experiments with rats have found that they are most likely to associate:

A. Light with Illness

B. Tastes with Shock

C. Tone with Shock

D. None of the Above

C

In Operant Conditioning, what is a Stimulus Class?

A. A group of stimuli that vary in form but all elicit the same response.

B. A single stimulus that consistently produces a specific behavior.

C. A set of behaviors that are reinforced in the same way.

D. A collection of responses that occur in the presence of different stimuli.

A

Which of the following best describes Determinism in Psychology?

A. The belief that all behaviors occur randomly without any identifiable causes.

B. The idea that behavior is shaped by past experiences, genetics, and environmental influences.

C. The notion that individuals have complete free will and are not influenced by external or internal factors.

D. The theory that behavior is entirely unpredictable and cannot be studied scientifically.

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the three branches of behavior analysis?

A. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

B. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

C. Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

D. Radical Behaviorism

B

Which of the following best describes Habituation?

A. An increase in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

B. A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.

C. The process of learning to associate two stimuli.

D. The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished response.

B

Every time Sarah walks by her favorite restaurant, she smells freshly baked bread and starts feeling hungry. Eventually, just seeing the restaurant makes her feel hungry. Identify the Stimuli and Responses:

A. US: Smell of Bread; UR: Hunger; CS: Seeing the Restaurant; CR: Hunger

B. US: Seeing the Restaurant; UR: Hunger; CS: Smell of Bread; CR: Hunger

C. US: Hunger; UR: Smell of Bread; CS: Seeing the Restaurant; CR: Hunger

D. US: Smell of Bread; UR: Seeing the Restaurant; CS: Hunger; CR: Eating

A

A fire alarm sounds loudly during a real fire, causing panic. Later, just hearing the fire alarm in a drill makes people anxious. Identify the Stimuli and Responses:

A. US: Panic; UR: Fire Alarm; CS: Fire; CR: Anxiety

B. US: Fire Alarm; UR: Panic; CS: Anxiety; CR: Fire

C. US: Drill; UR: Fire; CS: Fire Alarm; CR: Running Away

D. US: Fire; UR: Panic; CS: Fire Alarm; CR: Anxiety

D

A baby receives a painful shot at the doctor's office. Now, just seeing the doctor makes the baby cry. Identify the Stimuli and Responses:

A. US: Seeing the Doctor; UR: Crying; CS: Shot; CR: Pain

B. US: Crying; UR: Seeing the Doctor; CS: Shot; CR: Pain

C. US: Shot; UR: Crying; CS: Seeing the Doctor; CR: Crying

D. US: Pain; UR: Seeing the Doctor; CS: Crying; CR: Shot

C