Exam 2: Race in us history:

The first enslaved people came to america in:

They arrived in Virginia via dutch traders in 1619, but that number stayed small throughtout the 17th

The international slave trade was from

341 years from 1526-1867

The United states outlawed the international slave trade in

1808

The cotton gin 

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, which caused the rise in demand for African Ameircan slaves 

The demand for cotton cause what change in the population of slaves in the us 

from 1800 to 1860, it went from 1 million slaves to 4 million 

John Brown

An abolitionist (wanted to end slavery) who attacked Harpers Ferry, Virgina in 1859, the plan failed, and the gov killed him and used him as an example to people in the south

Election of 1860 with Abrham lincoln

As president in the 1860 election was the immediate cause of the Civil War and was against slavery, but made it clear that he had no intention in interferring with it in the states it already was in 

Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas

He was one of Abraham Lincoln’s main political rivals. Douglas is best known for promoting the idea that each territory should decide for itself whether to allow slavery, rather than having Congress decide.

Lincolns thoughs:
The civil war 1861-1865

Lincoln started off his main goal as president was to keep the United States together — to stop the Southern states from breaking away and forming the Confederacy, and not to abolish slavery. But by the end of the war, he had to abolish slavery to justify all the deaths that came from the fighting 

The confederate states during the civil war

There were 11 Confederate States: South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Texas 

The 5 border states that continued to practice slavery but not join the confedercy 

Missouri, Kentucky, maryland, deleware, and west virgina 

Confederate vice president Alexander      Stevens

said in 1861 in a speech that negro isn’t equal to the white man, he then later became the a member of the us congress for georgia and then became the governor of gerogia 

President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation 

Went into effect on January 1, 1863: said that all enslaved people in those portions of the Confederacy were free. But this wasn't actually put in place for the slaves in the border states or controlled by the Union army

New York Draft Riots

In 1863, the resulted in 100-1,000 black deaths, that resulted from the anger that the civil war had focused on the emancipation of black people  

April 1865

The assassination of Abraham Lincoln and afterandrew Johnson became president, and the South surrender to the north 

Fredrick Douglass 

He was a slave born in Maryland who went free and published a new paper that talked about blacs civil rights and voteing 

Andrew Johnson

was a democrat from Tennessee who was against slavery and the secession of the southern states. He became Lincoln’s vice president in 1865 and then became the first us president to be impeached in 1868 after conflcit with radical rebublicans 

1870-1901

22 Black members of Congress were republicans. Now in 2025, 67 black members, 62 of whom are democates

1865 - 1870, 3 amendments were passed

Congress passed the 3 Amendment called there construction ammendements: 13,14,15

The 13th Ammendment

Abolished Slavery 1865-1870

The 14th ammendment

Extended citzenship to formely enslaved people 1865-1870

The 15th ammendment

guaranteed the right to vote to all balck male citzens

Jim crow laws

Are state and local laws in the south put in place after the Civil War and was legally enforcing seggragation of blacks and white 

The KKK

was originally formed to be a domestic terror organization in 1865 and has gone through many reforms to be what it is now, contains 5-8 thousand peeps 

Jim Crow Laws used…

Poll taxes and literacy tests were some ways to supress the votes of black people

Prominent voices in favor of Black Civil Rights

W.E.B. DuBois, Ida B. Wells, and Booker T.Washington in the late 19th and early 20th century 

The Great Migration

Between World Wars 1 and 2, black Americans moved from the South to the North. And recently, we have noticed Northerners movinge back to the South 

HBCU’s (historically black colleges and univerties)

founded in 1837, cheney university in pennsylvania 

Plessy v. Ferguson 

In 1896, 7-1, the Supreme Court decided “separate but equal” was completely constitutional: private businesses like railroads aren’t controlled by gov 

Brown v. Board of Education

in 1954 Supreme Court passed 9-0, saying that “separate but equal” was agaisnt the 14th amendment 

Malcom X

an activist and prominent member of the Nation of Islam and was assiagnated in 1965 at 39 years old by others in his same group
over 6 million copies of his book were sold by 1977

The Black Panther party

from 1966-1982, they were against separatism and liked the idea of communism in america

Fred Hampton 

a member of the black panther party who was killed by Chicago police in a raid in 1969. This inspired the 2021 movie Judas and the black messiah

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Was an advocate for nonviolent protests against racial injustice and was one of the leading figures for the American Civil Rights Movement from1950s and 1960s 

Marcus Garvey

founded the universal Negro Improvement Association that advocated for black septism and rivaled NAACP (they belived all peeps should be friends and hold hands and skip)