Week 10 - Chapter 9 (Digestive System and Nutrition): McGraw Hill

Pharynx

Passageway where food is swallowed

Salivary glands

Secrete saliva

Tongue

Pushes food for chewing and swallowing

Esophagus

Passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach

Stomach

Secretes acid and digestive enzymes to breakdown proteins

Teeth

Chew food

Small intestine

Mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrients

Gallbladder

Stores bile from liver

Liver

Processes and stores nutrients

Pancreas

Contains digestive enzymes; produces insulin

Rectum

Stores and regulates elimination of feces

Large intestine

Absorbs water and salt to form feces

Select only those organs in the digestive system that are considered accessory organs.

a) Gallbladder

b) Stomach

c) Pancreas

d) Small intestine

e) Liver

f) Large intestine

g) Esophagus

a) Gallbladder

c) Pancreas

e) Liver

Heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and vomiting are issues involving the ___________ gastrointestinal tract.

upper

Heartburn is the result of issues with the _______________ ; when food is not permitted to enter the stomach, or moves from the stomach back to the esophagus, a burning sensation is felt behind the heart due to the acidic contents of the upper esophagus.

lower esophageal sphincter

Chronic acid reflux or heartburn that is more frequent and more intense in patients in called _____________.

GERD

Heartburn can damage the ______________ and lower esophageal sphincter.

esophagus

The stomach has __________ walls and lies beneath the diaphragm on the ________ of the body.

thick, left

At its top, the stomach connects to the ____________, and at below, it connects to the duodenum of the ___________.

esophagus, small intestine

The stomach functions to store food, begin the digestion of _____________ , and control the movement of food into the ___________.

proteins, small intestine

The muscularis of the stomach has _____________ layers of muscles that contract in order to mix food and pass it into the small intestine.

three

The stomach also has deep folds called _________ that aid in increasing surface area and _____________ , which secrete acid and enzymes to aid in digestion.

rugae, gastric glands

Which of the following hormones stimulates hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretion in the upper and middle parts of the stomach?

gastrin

Which of the following stages of gastric secretion is characterized by distention of the stomach walls?

the gastric phase

Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?

chyme pH of less than 2 due to HCl or lipids

In the small intestine, ______________ secreted by the pancreas break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

enzymes

Lipids are first mechanically broken down by __________ from the liver and gallbladder. Then, ______________ produced by the pancreas hydrolyzes fats to form glycerol and fatty acids.

bile, lipase

Complex carbohydrates are digested by pancreatic ______________ , and an intestinal enzyme completes the digestion of carbohydates to ____________.

amylase, glucose

Proteins are broken down into amino acids by pancreatic ____________ , and intestinal enzymes finish the digestion of proteins into ____________.

trypsin, amino acids

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and releases them into the ______________. The pancreas is also an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone ____________ to regulate blood glucose levels.

small intestine, insulin

In response to hormone release by the pancreas, the _________ stores glucose as glycogen when blood glucose levels are high.

liver

Most pancreatic cells produce pancreatic juice, which contains _____________ , to help neutralize the stomach acid. Pancreatic amylase digests ____________, trypsin digests protein, and lipase digests fat.

sodium bicarbonate, starch

The major functions of the liver include: removing or detoxifying harmful substances from the blood; storing glycogen, ____________ , and several vitamins; synthesizing many ___________ found in the blood plasma; and regulating blood cholesterol.

iron, proteins

Another function of the liver is to produce __________ , which is a yellowish-green color because it contains bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Bile also contains bile salts, which serve to emulsify _________ in the small intestine.

bile, fats

Hormones can best be described as

chemicals released by the body that act as messengers to control the function of other organs in the body.

Which of the following hormones is responsible for triggering the release of hydrochloric acid, thus breaking down proteins?

gastrin

The contents of the stomach enter the small intestine in what form?

chyme

Which hormone(s) directly target the activity of the pancreas and gallbladder, triggering the release of digestive enzymes and buffers?

secretin and cholecystokinin (CKK)

What organ is responsible for storing and releasing bile that is used in the digestion of fats?

gallbladder

Select all of the following that are functions of the large intestine.

absorbs water, absorbs vitamins produced by intestinal bacteria, forms feces

Why does bone loss become an issue after age 30?

because the process of bone remodeling slows as the loss of calcium deposits exceeds its replacement

Which of the following is the best description of the difference between normal, fully developed bone and osteoporotic bone?

Osteoporotic bone has much larger spaces in its bone structure and is weaker than normal bone

At which of the following ages would calcium loss from bone be more than calcium deposits into bone, even when a high-calcium diet is eaten?

50 years old

Which of these minerals is a recommended supplement for women, in attempts to maintain strong bones?

calcium