Nutrition Exam 1

What are the 6 groups of nutrients

water, lipids, proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, and minerals

What nutrients are energy producing

protein, carbohydrates, and lipids

What is the difference between essential and nonessential nutrients?

Nonessential - not required within the diet requirements

Essential - are required within the diet

What factors do influence the animals nutrient requirements?

species

selection traits

age

productivity

dietary constituents available

pregnancy, maintenance work, growth

other factors (heat, environment, humidity)

What materials make organic and inorganic components of animal feed?

organic: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, non-proteins

inorganic: macro and micro elements

What are the major digestive organs

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine

What are the associated digestive organs?

liver (secretes bile into small intestine)

pancreas (secretes enzymes into small intestine)

What are the 3 distinctive regions of the interior stomach?

Fundus, cardia & pylori

What are the functions of the distinctive anatomical regions of the interior stomach?

cardia & pylori: cell produce mucus to protect lining

fundus: contains gastric pit, which open into gastric glands

What type of cells can be found in the fundus of the stomach? What are the functions?

body chief / peptic cells

parietal / oxyntic cells

What are the functions of the cells found in the fundus of the stomach

body chief / peptic cells: produce proteolytic enzymes

parietal / oxyntic cells: secretes HCI (hydrochloric acid)

What is the villus?

they are finger-like projections

What are the 3 vessels found in each villus?

arteriole, venue (drains into portal bloody system), and lacteal (drainage of lymphatic system)

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Which segments are mainly responsible for nutrient absorption?

jejunum and ileum

What are the 3 segments of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, and rectum

What is the role of bacterial fermentation in the cecum and colon?

synthesis of water-soluble vitamins, amino acids, and volatile fatty acids

What is the role of bile in fat digestion

making fat emulsify

What is the role of bile in absorption?

improves absorption of lipids

What are the 3 compartments of the stomach in birds?

crop - storage

proventriculus - site for production of gastric juices

gizzard - works like teeth

What are the physiological functions of saliva?

is a source of N, P, and Na utilized by the rumen

also aids in maintaining the pH in the rumen

What are the 4 compartments of the stomach in ruminates?

reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum

reticulum function

transfers ingested food, it is like a filter

rumen function

large fermentation vat; has a high population of micro organisms

omasum function

reducing particle size, controls passage of digester in the lower tract, and absorption of nutrients

abomasum function

glandular stomach of nonrumiants

What are the major classes of digestive enzymes and sources?

amylotic - saliva (carbohydrate)

lipoylotic - pancreas and small intestine (lipids)

proteolytic - stomach and pancreas (protein)

Pancreas enzymes

trypsin, chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase (they have to be activited by an active enzyme)

salivary gland enzymes

amylase enzyme (starch digestion)

Small intestine enzymes

maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase (digestion of oligosaccharide / disaccharides)

Stomach enzymes

proteloytic enzyme and rennin enzyme ( pro - lowers pH below 3.5 & rennin coagulates milk in young mammals)

Herbivores teeth

incisor - nipping off plant tissue

molars - grind plant fibers

their jaws are able to move vertically and laterally to shred

carnivores teeth

canine - tearing and rending,

molar - particle mastication and crushing bones

3 major glands producing saliva in animals?

paranoids, submaxillary, sublingual

What are the physiological functions of the 3 major glands producing saliva?

aids formation of good into bolus, and taste mechanism, and preliminary digestive process

Omnivore GI Tract

more complicated to improve utilization, simple but long small intestine, large cecum, sacculated large intestine

pigs and humans are colonic digesters

carnivores GI Tract

short simple intestine, nonsacculated hindgut; limited of digesting fibrous feed, have little to no cecal capacity

examples dogs and cats

How does the GI tract of sheep differ from horse and rabbits?

sheep: have a complex and large stomach, small intestine long but simple, cecum large and large intestine short. usually pre gastric and hindgut

horses:

simple - small stomach, small intestine, large cecum, large sacculated large intestine

rabbits:

medium stomach, short - simple small intestine, large sacculated cecum, medium unsacculated large intestine

What are the 4 classes of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides - 1 mol of sugar: glucose, fructose, and galatose

disaccaride - 2 mole of sugar: sucrose, lactose

oligosaccharides - 3 - 10 units of sugar, fratco-oligosaccharide

polysaccharide - > 10 units of sugar; cellulose and starch

What monosaccharides make up sucrose, lactose, maltose, and cellobiose?

sucrose: glucose + fructose; table sugar

found in beets, sugar cane, and molasses

lactose: glucose+galatose; milk sugar

maltose: glucose+glucose; derived from starch digestion

cellobiose: glucose+glucose

How many molecular configurations of starch are found in nature?

2 forms, amylose and amylopectin

What are the structural differences between amylose and amylopectin?

amylose: 25-30% starch, straight chain of D-glucose, soluble in hot H2O

amylopectin: 70-75% starch, straight and branched chain D-glucose, insoluble in ho H2O

What are the components of plant cell walls?

cellulose: major one, glucose polymers linked via a glu(1-4) beta hemicelluloses

ligin: increases plant age

vegetables & cereals < grasses < legumes

What enzyme do digest the cellulose? What is the source? What is the product?

cellulose: results in production of volatile fatty acids

VFA include active, propionic, and butyric acids

sourced from the gut microflora

What are the steps in digestion of starch in the small intestine?

amylase from the pancreas help break down the starch molecule

converts to the disaccharide (maltose and isomaltose)

the maltose and isomaltose convert to glucose

which then turns into a monosaccharide

What mechanism is used in the GI tract for absorption of glucose?

glucose - active transport - facilitated diffusion (GLUT 2) - passive diffusion

What transporters are involved in absorption of glucose in the GI tract?

Na dependent glucose transports

facilitative sugar transport

what is the difference between simple and complex lipids

simple - ester of fatty acids w/ glycerol or alcohols (waxes and oils)

complex - ester of fatty acids w/ alcohol that contain non-lipid substances

What are the non-lipid components of glycolipids and phospholipid?

glycolipids: sugar

phospholipid: phosphate and alcohol

Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

sat: each carbon atom is attached to 2 H atoms, no double bonds

unsat: double bonds attached to C atoms

What are the sources for straight chain and branched chain fatty acids in animal tissues?

straight: dietary source common form w/ an even number of carbons

branched: in microorganisms w/ odd numbers in tissues of ruminants

What does nutrition affect? (6)

reproduction, health, genetic potential, physical ability, emotional state, production- growth, muscle, etc.

What is a nutrient?

A chemical (element or compound) in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation, or maintenance of life processes

What are the 2 nutrient classifications?

Essential and non-essential

What is an essential nutrient?

one that can not be made by the body and has to be consumed in the diet

What is a non-essential nutrient?

one that can be made by the body and is not needed in the diet

What are the three kinds on carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

What are the 3 disaccharides?

lactose, maltose, sucrose

What are the 3 polysaccharides?

starch, cellulose, lignin

How do ruminants get glucose?

VFAs

What type of animal is glucose more important for?

monogastric

What do fats and lipids consist of?

specific essential fatty acids

What are the 3 essential VFAs

acetic, propionic, and butyric acids

What are proteins?

Long chains of amino acids

What are the 2 classes of mineral?

macro and micro

Macro is what?

% in diet

Micro is what?

small amounts of minerals in diet

7 macro minerals are

calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, potassium and magnesium

8 Micro Minerals

Copper, iodine, cobalt, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iron, selenium

What are the 2 classes of vitamins?

fat soluble and water soluble

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, K

What are the 10 water soluble vitamins?

Biotin, Choline, Folic acid, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Vit B6, Vit B12, Vit C

What 3 things are used to produce energy?

carbohydrates, fat, and protein

What is the most important nutrient?

water

what are the 2 transporters of water?

interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

What does interstitial fluid mean?

between the cells

What does intracellular fluid mean?

inside the cell

What is hydrolysis?

ability for water to break down

What do you give animals that are low on water?

fat, because it is high in water

What are the 3 chemical elements of carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the C:H:O ratio?

1:2:1

What % of the diet for animals is carbohydrates?

over 60%

What are oligosaccharides?

3-10 monosaccharides

What is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature?

hexoses

When you stick 2 monosaccharides together what do you lose?

a water molecule

The disaccharide sucrose is made up of what?

alpha glucose and beta fructose

The disaccharide lactose is made up of what?

galactose and glucose

What linkage does lactose have?

beta-1,4 linkage

The disaccharide maltose is made up of what?

2 alpha glucoses

What bond does maltose have?

alpha 1,4

What are the 2 forms of starch?

amylose and amylopectin

Which form of starch is soluble in water?

amylose

What bond does isomaltose have?

alpha 1,6

What is glycogen?

storage form of starch in the body

What is the most abundant organic compound in nature?

cellulose

What is indigestible to animals?

lignin

Are all lipids water insoluble?

yes because they have one hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end

How many bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

one

How many bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have?

double bonds