Pediatric Lecture Notes Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering major pediatric conditions including metabolic disorders, respiratory infections, cardiac defects, and neurological diagnoses from lecture transcripts.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects of insulin secretion and/or action.

Somogyi phenomenon

Early morning hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia at 9 o'clock due to counter-regulatory hormones; managed by reducing the evening insulin dose by $10\%$.

Dawn phenomenon

Early morning hyperglycemia without preceding hypoglycemia caused by the waning of insulin effect; managed by increasing the evening dose by $10-15\%$ or delaying it.

Viral Croup

Acute laryngotracheal bronchitis characterized by a triad of inspiratory stridor, barking cough (dog cough), and hoarseness of voice, often showing a 'Steeple sign' on X-ray.

Steeple sign

A characteristic narrowing of the tracheal air column just below the vocal cords seen on X-ray in children with viral croup.

Thumbprint sign

The appearance of an edematous epiglottis on a lateral neck X-ray, indicative of Acute Epiglottitis.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A medical emergency characterized by hyperglycemia ($RBG > 17\,mmol/L$), ketonemia ($Ketone > 5-7\,mmol/L$), and metabolic acidosis ($pH < 7.3$ or $HCO_3 < 15\,mmol/L$).

Status Asthmaticus

Acute severe asthma that does not respond to outpatient treatment, specifically failing to respond to three doses of nebulized salbutamol within $2\,hrs$.

Kernig's sign

A sign of meningitis where extending the knee while the hip is flexed causes pain in the back and spasm of the hamstring muscle.

Brudzinski signs

Meningeal signs where flexion of the neck leads to involuntary flexion of the hips and knees (neck to leg) or flexion of one lower limb leads to automatic flexion of the other (leg to leg).

Sydenham's chorea

An abnormal, involuntary, jerky, and purposeless movement characterized by hypotonia, often presenting with 'Milkmaid sign' or 'Piano player sign' in Acute Rheumatic Fever.

Trisomy 21

The most common chromosomal abnormality associated with Down Syndrome, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis ($95\%$ of cases).

Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome (MGNS)

The most common form of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome where no change is seen by light microscope, but electron microscopy reveals shortening of the foot processes of glomerular epithelial cells.

Marasmus

A form of severe Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) characterized by severe wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and an 'old man face' due to the disappearance of the buccinator pad of fat.

Kwashiorkor

A form of malnutrition predominantly caused by protein deficiency, characterized by generalized pitting edema, hair changes ('Flag sign'), and skin dermatosis.

Vaso-occlusive crisis

The most common type of crisis in Sickle Cell Disease, occurring when rigid sickle-shaped RBCs obstruct blood flow, leading to ischemia, pain, and potentially 'Foot-Hand syndrome' or 'Acute Chest Syndrome'.

Eisenmenger's syndrome

The reversal of a left-to-right shunt (via VSD, ASD, or PDA) to a right-to-left shunt due to irreversible pulmonary hypertension, leading to cyanosis.

Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)

The most common cyanotic congenital heart disease beyond the neonatal period, characterized by pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Phototherapy

A treatment for neonatal jaundice that uses blue light to convert unconjugated bilirubin into a harmless water-soluble pigment through photo-degradation.

Koplik spots

Rose-red spots with grey-white dots in the center appearing on the buccal mucosa opposite the lower molar teeth; they are pathognomonic for Measles.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

An inborn error of protein metabolism characterized by an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to mental retardation and a 'musty or mousy' odor.

Gower's sign

A clinical sign where a patient uses their hands to support themselves while climbing up their own body to transition from a sitting to a standing position, seen in Duchenne muscle dystrophy.

Protein-cell dissociation

An elevated protein level in the CSF without a corresponding increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis), commonly seen in Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Ghon Complex

A primary Tuberculosis lesion consisting of a Ghon Focus (initial infection site) and an enlarged hilar lymph node.

Trismus

Also known as 'locked jaw,' it is the initial sign of generalized tetanus caused by the spasm of the masseter muscle.

Risus sardonicus

A characteristic grimace seen in Tetanus caused by the spasm of the facial and buccal muscles.

Colostrum

The lemon-yellow viscous fluid produced by the breast in the first $3-5\,days$ after delivery, rich in IgA and protein.

Hemophilia A

An X-linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of Factor $VIII$ (Anti-hemophilic factor).

Boot-shaped heart

The characteristic appearance of the heart on X-ray in cases of Tetralogy of Fallot, caused by right ventricular hypertrophy and a concave left border.

Status Epilepticus

A prolonged seizure lasting more than $30\,minutes$ or repeated attacks between which there is no return of consciousness; it is a neurological emergency.