AP European History: The Reformation

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy

pluralism

the practice of holding multiple church offices simultaneously

absenteeism

not showing up to one’s church office

Martin Luther

German founder of Lutheranism, published 95 Theses, spoke out at the Diet of Worms and criticized the sale of indulgences, etc. believed in salvation through faith alone

95 Theses

a list of complaints with the Catholic Church, written by Martin Luther

Indulgences

basically a get-out-of-purgatory-free coupon that people could buy instead of doing penance

95 Theses publication year

1517

Diet of Worms

An imperial diet hosted by Charles V, to which he summoned Luther to answer for his actions

Diet of Worms- year

1521

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss, protestant, humanist, priest who preached Erasmus’s New Testament 

protestant

followers of Luther who believed in salvation through faith in God alone and also the scriptures

transubstantiation

the process by which bread and wine are believed to become the body and blood of Jesus Christ in many Christian practices

radicals/anabaptists 

small groups of believers outside of state (Central Europe) who took up different practices such as adult baptisms 

German Peasants War- year

1525

Luther and the Anabaptists

who the German peasants cited when revolting

German Peasants War

A revolution in which mistreated German Peasants used Lutheran ideas to justify their revolt against the cruel nobles. Luther and Zwingli sided with the nobles, encouraging them to crush the peasants, which they did, killing over 75,000

Protestant views on marriage

Celibacy is against human nature and marriage prevents lust and is a source of comfort. Brothels and lust are terrible terrible sins but it is ok to beat your wife.

Charles V

The Habsburg emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who was very Catholic and partook in the Imperial Diet, the Peace of Augsburg, the Diet of Worms, and more!!

Imperial Diet of 1530

Held by Charles V, this is where he would reject the Augsburg Confession and demand all property be returned to the RCC

Augsburg Confession

A proclamation of faith brought forward by the protestants at the Imperial Diet of 1530 and rejected by Charles V

Peace of Augsburg- year

1555

Peace of Augsburg

In which Charles V surrenders to the protestants and allows the lords to decide what religion the people in their territory shall follow

Defenestration of Prague

in which protestants throw Catholic nobles out the windows because the Peace of Augsburg gets revoked

Henry VIII

an English king known for both his collection of ex wives and his split from the RCC in the 1530s

Act of Supremacy 1534

Said that the King of England is the head of the Anglican Church

Thomas Cromwell

leader of the English Church under Henry VIII- keeps it fairly conservative and Catholic-ish

Pilgrimage of Grace

religious rebellion to Henry VIII that ended in a truce

Thomas Crammer

wrote the protestant Book of Common Prayer, archbishop of English Church

Mary Tudor

unpopular Catholic queen of England known for executing protestants

Elizabeth I

Protestant queen of England who thwarted Mary Queen of Scots and Philip II. She got the entire Anglican Church to swear fealty to her

Mary Queen of Scots

Scottish queen who plotted against Elizabeth I with Philip II

Philip II

king of Spain who plotted against Elizabeth I with Mary Queen of Scots

the Spanish Armada

a fleet of ships sent by Philip II that was ultimately defeated by the English and the weather

the Spanish Armada- year

1588

John Calvin

founder of Calvinism who believed in predestination

Predestination

the belief that God has already decided who will go to purgatory/heaven/hell

John Knox

Scottish founder of the Presbyterian church, Calvinistic values

Counter Reformation

the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation

iconoclasm

the destruction of religious icons

Index of Prohibited Books

a Catholic list of forbidden readings created during the Counter Reformation

Council of Trent- years

1545-1563

Council of Trent

a series of meetings between high officials of the Roman Catholic Church in which they reformed and reestablished the RCC

Ignatius Loyola

founder of the Jesuits and devout Catholic

the Jesuits

a group of devout Catholic men and missionaries founded in 1540 who travelled around spreading their faith

Teresa of Avila

reformed the Carmelite order of nuns

Huguenots

French Calvinists who rebelled against the Catholic monarchy

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Masacre

a Catholic attack on a Huguenot wedding that sparked violence throughout France

Politiques

A group of French politicians willing to sacrifice religion for political order

Henry IV

the politique who took control of France after the war of three henrys and established the Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes- year

1598

Edict of Nantes

allowed Huguenots to practice in France

The Dutch Revolt

1560s revolt of the Dutch to their Spanish emperor Charles V that led to further violence and ultimately the split between the United Provinces and Spanish Hapsburg

witch hunts

violent instances of torture and inquiries across Europe that spiked during the Reformation and targeted women

the thirty years war

a series of fights across Europe that were both religious and political in nature- Protestant vs. Catholic, Sweden vs. HRE, and Dutch vs. Spanish Habsburgs

Protestant Union and Catholic League

two rival religious groups formed early in the 30 yrs war

King Gustavus Adolphus

swedish king who invaded the HRE and is considered the father of modern warfare because of his use of mobile artillery 

King Christian

king of Denmark during 30 yrs war

Peace of Westphalia- year

1648

Peace of Westphalia

a series of treaties ending major religious wars in Europe and recognizing Calvinism as a religion

France

the rising power after the Peace of Westphalia