Criminal Justice Final

What is ransomware?

Extortion malware that locks your computer

What was decided in In re Gault?

The Supreme Court ruled that the due process rights of juveniles must be respected in court proceedings, establishing that minors have the right to legal counsel and fair hearings.

What is a status offense?

A type of juvenile offense that is not considered a crime if committed by an adult, such as truancy or running away from home.

What is the primary purpose of diversion programs?

Avoid labeling and incarceration of juvenile offenders by providing alternative interventions.

What does the 6th Amendment guarantee?

Right to an attorney

Why do parole officers typically carry firearms?

They supervise higher-risk clients.

What is a day reporting center?

A facility for monitoring individuals on probation or parole, providing resources and support to help them reintegrate into society.

What is the reformatory prison model?

A correctional philosophy focused on rehabilitating offenders through education, vocational training, and psychological treatment instead of purely punitive measures.

How much do ankle monitors typically cost offenders per week?

$30-$100

What is forfeiture?

The legal process where property or assets are seized by the government due to involvement in illegal activities, often without compensation.

What is parole?

The conditional release of a prisoner before the full sentence is served, allowing them to reintegrate into society under supervision and adhering to specific conditions.

What is the Second Chance Act?

A law aimed at improving the reentry process for formerly incarcerated individuals, providing resources for rehabilitation, transitional housing and reducing recidivism.

What is the Pennsylvania prison model?

A correctional model emphasizing rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates, using a structured environment, educational programs, and separate confinement.

What is furlough?

A temporary release of a prisoner from incarceration, typically for specific purposes such as family emergencies or work, under certain conditions.

What does the Auburn prison system emphasize?

It promotes labor, silence during work, and a structured routine to reform behavior.

What is the 13th Amendment?

The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, except as punishment for a crime.

What is a common social media scam?

Check fraud

What is included in cyberstalking?

Cyberstalking includes harassing or threatening behaviors conducted through electronic means, such as social media, email, or text messages. It can also include GPS tracking or webcam access.

What is ELF?

An international underground organization that uses direct action and acts of economic sabotage and property destruction to stop what they perceive to be threats to the natural environment.

What is the school to prison pipeline?

A disturbing trend where students, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds, face harsh school disciplinary actions that may lead to juvenile incarceration.

What is the dark web?

A part of the internet not indexed by traditional search engines, often associated with illegal activities and anonymity for users.

What proportion of cybercrime does the dark web account for?

While specific estimates vary, it is believed that the dark web accounts for a significant percentage of cybercrime, with some reports suggesting around 10-20%.

What do juvenile detention centers guarantee?

Safe confinement and rehabilitation for minors in the justice system, providing education and therapeutic services.

What is the contract prison labor system?

A system where incarcerated individuals work for little or no pay as part of their confinement, often employed by private companies or government agencies. It aims to provide skills training but raises ethical concerns regarding exploitation.

What is the lease prison system?

A method where private companies pay to manage prisons and utilize inmate labor for profit, raising concerns about care and rehabilitation.

What is the difference between lease prison system and the contract prison system?

The lease prison system involves private companies paying to run prisons and directly profit from inmate labor, while the contract prison labor system allows prisoners to work for minimal compensation under contracts with various entities. Both systems raise ethical issues related to exploitation and inmate welfare.

What is the primary goal of most terrorist organizations?

to achieve political, ideological, or religious objectives through violence and fear, aiming to influence government policies or societal behavior.

What is a fitness hearing in juvenile court?

a legal proceeding in juvenile court that determines whether a minor should be tried as an adult or remain in the juvenile system, taking into account the juvenile's age, mental state, and the nature of the offense.

1st Amendment

Protects the freedoms of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

2nd Amendment

Protects the right to keep and bear arms.

3rd Amendment

Prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent.

4th Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

5th Amendment

Guarantees the right to due process, prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy.

6th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, and the right to counsel.

7th Amendment

Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil cases.

8th Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment

Affirms that the enumeration of specific rights in the Constitution does not deny others retained by the people.

10th Amendment

States that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.

11th Amendment

Limits the ability of individuals to sue states in federal court.

12th Amendment

Revises the procedure for electing the President and Vice President.

13th Amendment

Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

What is identity theft?

the act of illegally obtaining and using someone else's personal information, such as Social Security numbers or credit card details, typically for financial gain.

What is counterfeiting?

the act of producing imitation currency, documents, or goods with the intent to deceive or defraud, usually for financial gain.

What are two reasons to be cautious about assuming that new technological developments automatically provide benefits for the criminal justice system?

One reason is that new technologies may exacerbate existing inequalities within the system. Another reason is the potential for misuse of technology, which can lead to privacy violations or wrongful convictions.

What actions have been taken to combat counterfeit currency in the US?

Redesign of US currency, seizure of counterfeit currencyand enforcement of strict penalties for counterfeiting offenses.

What types of harm are caused by counterfeit products in the US?

Counterfeit products can cause economic losses to legitimate businesses, pose safety risks to consumers, and undermine the integrity of brand reputations.

What is the Geographic Information System (GIS)?

A technology used for collecting, analyzing, and visualizing spatial and geographic data, which can aid in crime mapping and resource allocation in criminal justice.

What is DNA analysis?

A forensic technique used to identify individuals by examining their unique genetic material, often utilized in criminal investigations and exonerations.

How do computers n patrol cars aid officers in communication issues?

provide real-time access to data, enhance communication with dispatch, and enable officers to send and receive critical information while on the move, improving response times and situational awareness.

What kinds of information can be collected in law enforcement database?

Fingerprints, tattoos, DNA samples, gun/ballistics records