Learn: Year 10 Chemistry Reactions | Quizlet

What is the law of conservation of mass?

The principle stating that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

What happens to atoms during a chemical reaction?

Atoms are rearranged to form new substances.

What is a closed system in chemistry?

A system where no matter enters or leaves during a reaction.

What is an open system in chemistry?

A system where matter can enter or leave during a reaction.

How can apparent mass changes be explained?

Apparent mass changes can occur due to gas release or absorption during reactions.

What is a quantitative missing-mass calculation?

A calculation to determine the mass of reactants or products that are not directly measured.

What are practical variables in an experiment?

Factors that can be controlled or changed to test their effect on the outcome.

What evidence supports the conservation of mass?

Mass measurements before and after reactions show no change in total mass.

How do you identify ionic substances?

Ionic substances typically consist of metals and nonmetals and conduct electricity when dissolved in water.

What is covalent bonding?

A type of bonding where atoms share electrons due to similar attraction for electrons.

What is metallic bonding?

Bonding that occurs between metal atoms, characterized by a sea of delocalized electrons.

What is ionic bonding?

A type of bonding where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, typically between metals and nonmetals.

How do you name ionic compounds with transition metals?

Use Roman numerals to indicate the charge of the transition metal.

What are the six specified polyatomic ions?

Sulfate (SO4^2-), carbonate (CO3^2-), nitrate (NO3^-), phosphate (PO4^3-), ammonium (NH4^+), hydroxide (OH^-).

What is charge balancing in ionic compounds?

Ensuring that the total positive charge equals the total negative charge in a compound.

How do you name covalent compounds?

Use prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-) to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

What is the difference between coefficients and subscripts?

Coefficients indicate the number of molecules, while subscripts indicate the number of atoms in a molecule.

What are state symbols in chemical equations?

Symbols that indicate the physical state of a substance: (aq) for aqueous, (g) for gas, (s) for solid, (l) for liquid.

What is a word equation?

A representation of a chemical reaction using the names of the reactants and products.

What is a formula equation?

A representation of a chemical reaction using the chemical formulas of the reactants and products.

What is a precipitation reaction?

A reaction that produces an insoluble solid from soluble reactants.

How do you balance a chemical equation?

Adjust coefficients to ensure the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation.

What is a synthesis reaction?

A reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

What is a decomposition reaction?

A reaction where a single compound breaks down into two or more products.

What is a single displacement reaction?

A reaction where an element displaces another element in a compound.

What is a neutralization reaction?

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and a salt.

What is complete combustion?

A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

What is incomplete combustion?

A reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide or soot.

What is the reactivity rule for metals?

A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its compound.

What observations indicate a chemical reaction?

Color change, gas production, temperature change, and precipitate formation.

What is collision theory?

The theory that chemical reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.

What is activation energy?

The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

How does concentration affect reaction rate?

Higher concentration increases the number of collisions between reactant particles.

How does surface area affect reaction rate?

Increased surface area exposes more particles, leading to more collisions.

How does temperature affect reaction rate?

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions.

What is the role of catalysts in reactions?

Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with lower activation energy and remain unchanged after the reaction.

What is a measurable hypothesis?

A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables in an experiment.

What are independent, dependent, and controlled variables?

Independent variables are changed, dependent variables are measured, and controlled variables are kept constant.

What is validity in an experiment?

The extent to which an experiment measures what it claims to measure.

What is reliability in an experiment?

The consistency of results when an experiment is repeated under the same conditions.

What is accuracy in an experiment?

The closeness of a measured value to the true value.

What is fair testing?

Ensuring that only the independent variable is changed while all other variables are controlled.

How do you graph data correctly?

Use appropriate axes, labels, and units to represent the data clearly.

What does the gradient of a graph represent?

The gradient indicates the rate of reaction; a steeper gradient means a faster reaction.

What does a plateau on a graph indicate?

A plateau indicates that the reaction has completed.

How do you link graph evidence to collision theory?

Graphs showing reaction rates can illustrate how factors like concentration and temperature affect collision frequency.

What is an energy profile diagram?

A diagram showing the energy changes during a reaction, including activation energy and enthalpy changes.

What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy.

How do you read activation energy from a diagram?

Activation energy is the energy difference between the reactants and the peak of the energy profile.

What is enthalpy change?

The heat content change during a chemical reaction at constant pressure.