Kin 3304 Final Exam: Key Terms & Definitions in Physics

List the joints in movement allowed order

synarthrodial (immovable)

amphiarthrodial (subtly movable)

diarthrodial (movable)

list the subsets of synovial joints

- hinge

- ball & socket

- plane

- pivot

- condyloid

- saddle

- found between bones

what are the structural features of diarthrodial joints?

- freely moving

- encased with articular cartilage + tissues

- synovial fluid

sagital plane

- left + right regions

- frontal axis

- flexion & extention

frontal plane

- front & back regions

- sagital axis

- abduction & adduction

transverse plane

- upper & lower regions

- vertical axis

- internal & external rotation

hinge joint

- uniaxial

- sagital plane: flexion and extension

ball & socket joint

- multiaxial

- movement in all 3 planes

plane joint

- multiaxial

- movement in all 3 planes

pivot joint

- uniaxial

- movement in transverse plane: IR & ER

condyloid joint

- biaxial

- movement in saggittal and frontal plane

saddle joint

- multiaxial

- movement in all 3 planes

a saddle joint has ____ DOF, and a pivot joint has ___ DOF

3; 1

What is the relationship between joint stability and joint mobility?

Joints with more stability are less mobile

Joints with more mobility are less stable

What structures provide stability to a diarthrodial joint?

ligaments, cartilage, muscle, tendons (connective tissue)

Wolf's Law

states that bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed on them

Davis's Law

Soft tissue will align along the lines of stress that are placed upon it

Words to describe a bony process

- condyle

- head

- trochanter

- tubercle

- epicondyle

terms associated with bony cavities or depressions

- facet

- foramen

- fossa

- sulcus (groove)

- notch

abduction

lateral movement away from the midline in frontal plane

adduction

movement towards the midline in the frontal plane

extension

straightening movement in saggittal plane

flexion

bending movement in saggittal plane

external rotation

rotary movement away from the midline in transverse plane

internal rotation

rotary movement towards the midline in transverse plane

name the categories of a parallel muscle fiber arrangement

- flat

- fusiform

- strap

- sphincter

Synergist

assist with agonists and assist in refined movement

Neutralizers

contract and prevent undesirable movements

The muscle's origin is typically located ____ and displays less movement

proximally

Decelerates movement, lessens in tension, force < resistance, joint angle changes in direction of resistance

eccentric

causes body to move against gravity, joint angle changes in direction of applies muscle, accelerates movement, develops force, force > resistance

concentric

prevents movement by external forces, muscle tension acts to maintain joint angle

isometric

stretch reflex

contraction in response to stretching a muscle, uses muscle spindle & golgi tendon organ

Reciprocal inhibition

automatic antagonist alpha motor neuron inhibition evoked by contraction of an agonist muscle

muscles are usually named based on what factors?

- shape

- size

- # of divisions

- fiber direction

- location

- action

3 ways the body increases the # of muscle fibers

- activating motor units containing a greater # of fibers

- activating more motor units

- increasing frequency of motor unit activation

what is the relationship between muscle tension and muscle length

length of muscle during contraction is a factor of tension

what is the advantage of countercurrent movements?

allows biarticular muscles to maintain a relatively consistent length because of the extension at the joints

2nd class lever

3rd class lever

1st class lever

fulcrum in the middle

benefit of 3rd class lever

speed and range of motion

benefit of 2nd class lever

force

lever equation

F X FA = R X RA

MA equation

FA/RA

advantage of wheels & axels

better ROM + speed

advantage of pulleys

force

sternoclavicular joint

arthrodial (plane) or saddle

acromioclavicular joint

arthrodial (plane)

scapulothoracic

false joint

glenohumeral joint

ball & socket joint

humeroulnar joint

hinge joint

radioulnar joint

pivot joint

what makes up the shoulder girdle

- sternoclavicular

- acromioclavicular

- scapulothoracic

what is the relationship between movements at the shoulder girdle and the shoulder girdle

- shoulder girdle = scapular movements

- work together for stabilizing

- proper positiong for greater ROM

Shoulder joint actions to shoulder girdle actions

- abduction: UR/Elevation

- adduction: DR

- flexion: Elevation/UR

- extention: downward/DR

- IR : Protraction

- ER: Retraction

- Horizontal abduction: retraction

- horizontal adduction: protraction

- diagonal abduction: Retraction/UR/elevation

- diagonal adduction: protraction/depression/DR

muscles of the shoulder girdle

- levator scapulae

- trapezius

- rhomboids

- SA

- Pectoralis minor

- subclavius

muscles of the shoulder joint

- pectoralis major

- coracobrachialis

- deltoid

- latissimus dorsi

- teres major

- subscapularis

- infraspinatus

- teres minor

- supraspinatus

elbow & radioulnar muscles

- biceps brachii

- brachialis

- brachioradialis

- triceps brachii

- anconeus

- pronator teres

- pronator quadratus

- supinator

which muscles cause elbow flexion in the sagittal plane

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

what muscles cause extention in the sagittal plane

triceps + anconeus

what muscles cause pronation in the transverse plane

pronator teres & pronator quadratus

what muscles cause supination in the transverse plane

supinator, brachioradialis

what muscle causes retraction?

trapezius

what muscle causes elevation

trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboids

what muscle causes shoulder flexion

deltoid, pectoralis major

shoulder abduction

pectoralis major, deltoid, supraspinatus

elbow flexion

biceps muscles

elbow extention

triceps bachii

the elbow joint is between which bones?

humerus, radius, ulna

which muscles work to tighten a screw with your right hand?

supinator, biceps brachii, brachioradialis

which muscles work to loosen a screw with your right hand?

pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis

which muscles produce shoulder girdle movements?

rotator cuff: infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

what is an agonist of the pectoralis minor?

SA & rhomboids

Atlantoocipital joint

condyloid

hip joint

ball and socket joint

intervertebral joint

hinge joint

metatarso-phalangeal

condyloid joint

patellofemoral

plane joint

talocural joint

hinge

tibiofibular joint

amphiarthrodial joint

tibiofemoral

modified hinge joint

three segments of the pelvic girdle

- ilium: superior

- ischium: posterior + inferior

- pubis: anterior + inferior

the lateral & medial malleoli are landmarks on which bones?

tibia (medial) & fibula (lateral)

- serves as a pulley

where are the menisci located?

proximal end of tibia on condylar surfaces

- function to cushion + enhance stability

the patella glies between what structures?

M+L condyles

where is the nucleous pulpous?

inside of a intervetebral disc

anterior pelvic rotation

- iliac crest tilts towards sagital plane

- pubis symphosis moves inferiorly

posterior pelvic rotation

- iliac crest tilts backwards

- pubis symphosis moves superiorly

left lateral pelvic rotation

left pelvis moves inferiorly relative to right pelvis

left transverse pelvic rotation

- twisting to left

- rotation of body to the left

- right iliac crest moves anteriorly to left iliac crest, left moves posteriorly, right moves anteriorly

iliopsoas muscles

iliacus and psoas major/minor

muscles that cross the posterior aspect of the knee are usually involved in

flexion

muscles at the hip joint for flexion

iliopsoas, pectineus, rectus femoris, sartorious

muscles at the hip joint for extention

gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendenous, semimembraneous

muscles at the hip joint for adduction

adductor brevis, longus, magnus, and gracilis

muscles at the hip joint for abduction

gluteus medius, minimus, EK, TFL

quadriceps and action

- rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus mediallis

- knee extention, hip flexion

hamstrings and action

- biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosis

- knee flexion & hip extention

anterior compartment of lower leg & action

- tibialis anterior

- peroneus terius

- extensor digitorium longus

- extensor hallucis longus

- inversion, dorsiflexion, eversion, extention