AP HUMAN AP EXAM VOCAB

climatic conditions

how weather affects agricultural practices and products

tropical climate

hot humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize,

Mediterranean climate

dry-summer climate that produces certain fruits, vegetables, and grains such as grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat, barley and prevails along the shores of the Mediterranean, in parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, at South Africa's Cape and in parts of southwestern and southern Australia

market gardening

small scale food production (fruits/veggies) for sale at local markets

plantation agriculture

cash crops (cotton, coffee, sugar, tea) grown on large estates, usually for export; a legacy of colonization

mixed crop/livestock systems

combination of cash crops and livestock to complement land and labor demands across the year

shifting cultivation (slash and burn)

cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings using a natural rotation system, the forest vegetation is cleared by cutting and burning, the result is a layer of ash that contributes to the soil's fertility, farmers move to another parcel of land when the soil becomes infertile

nomadic herding (pastoral nomadism/transhumance)

seasonal migration of domesticated livestock, usually fixed territory between highlands & lowlands

ranching

the business of raising livestock (cattle, sheep)

rural settlement patterns

clustered, dispersed, linear

long-lot survey system

divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals giving each household equal access to water resources, reflects a particular approach to surveying that was common with French areas in America

metes and bounds survey system

survey of irregularly shaped tracts of land (does not conform to rectangular system of surveys), relies on descriptions of land ownership in reference to natural features such as streams, hills, trees, etc. that was common in English areas in America

township and range survey system

rectangular survey system used by the U.S. federal government to divide the land into a grid like pattern, designed by Thomas Jefferson to facilitate the dispersal of settlers evenly across farmlands of the US interior

Fertile Crescent

hearth of early agriculture and early civilization (Cradle of Civilization) most credited with Southwest Asia (Tigris and Euphrates floodplains)

First Agricultural Revolution

dating back 10,000 years, when humans achieved plant and animal domestication

Columbian Exchange

facilitated the global diffusion of plants, animals, diseases, human population, culture, technology, and ideas

Globalization of Agriculture

improvements in transportation and communication technologies create a variety of goods offered year-round, when they traditionally were only available seasonally

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of food that started in the Middle Ages and THEN benefited from the Industrial Revolution with the use of machines and new technology

Industrial Revolution

the transformation from an agricultural society to an industrial society with the introduction of power driven machines in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and agriculture

Green Revolution (Third Agricultural Revolution)

high yield seeds (hybrid and/or GMOs), increased use of chemicals, mechanized farming, and elaborate irrigation systems

subsistence agriculture

only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus to sell) and often land is held in common

commercial agriculture

the production of crops for sale (profit)

monoculture

growing one crop in a farm system at a given time

mono-cropping

growing one crop in a farm system year after year

multi-cropping

growing several crops in a farm system

bid-rent theory

theory that shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market (CBD), the further from the center market (CBD), the lower the cost for a site, intensive and extensive farming practices are in part by land costs, extension of the von Thünen model

agribusiness

a large-scale mechanized farming business that is controlled by corporate interests, agriculture is gradually being controlled by a small number of large corporations instead of many independent farmers

feedlots/Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)

animals kept and raised in confined spaces and given hormones and/or antibiotics and/or fattening grains to prepare them for slaughter at a much quicker pace than traditional forms e.g. cattle, swine, poultry

commodity chain

activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution

economies of scale

cost advantages gained by an increased level of production, e.g. agribusiness v small family farm

von Thünen model

explains what economic activities are located where and why, explains the location of agricultural activities by emphasizing the importance of, transportation costs associated with distance from the market, describes what should be grown where in relation to the market, illustrates the relationship between land cost and transportation cost, distributes various farming activities into concentric rings around a central market city, regions of specialty farming do not always conform to concentric rings

global supply chain

a worldwide network to maximize profits in production

commodity dependency

highly dependent on one or more export commodities

global food distribution

networks that are affected by political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade

desertification

process by which fertile land becomes desert as a result of human activity (inappropriate agriculture/overgrazing)

soil salinization

process by which the amount of salt increases in the soil (irrigation)

land cover change

process by which agricultural areas are lost to development

pollution

process by which soil is contaminated by chemicals

conservation efforts of agricultural land

improve soil structure to protect against erosion and nutrient losses

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that are profitable, environmentally sound and good for communities

slash and burn (shifting cultivation)

clearing an area in a tropical forest for planting by burning the vegetation

terraces

flat steps are created on the sides of hills to create more land for farming

irrigation

artificial application of water to land for the facilitation of agriculture

deforestation

clearing of forest to make the land available for other uses (agriculture/livestock)

draining wetlands

drainage for agricultural purposes

pastoral nomadism

pasture land that is used for animal grazing

role of women in agriculture

increased contributions to rural economies, especially in LDCs

agricultural biotechnology

the use of scientific tools and techniques to modify plants/animals

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

plants or animals whose DNA has been genetically modified, often through combination of DNA from a similar plant or animal species for desired traits

aquaculture

raising of fish and shellfish in ponds and controlled saltwater hatcheries

value added foods

foods that have increased in value due to alterations in production, size, shape, appearance, location, and/or convenience

organic farming

crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or genetically engineered seeds

urban farming

agriculture takes the form of roof-top, balcony, backyard gardening, as well as in vacant lots and parks in an urban area

community-supported agriculture (CSA)

individuals who pledge support to a farm operation so that the growers and consumers provide mutual support

fair trade

trade between companies in MDCs and LDCs in which fair prices are paid to the producers

local-food movements

movement of people who prefer to eat foods which are grown relatively close to the places of sale and preparation

dietary shifts

movement from a diet of processed food, meat, fat, and sugar to one that will promote good health, ideal weight, and prevent chronic disease (fruits, vegetables)

food insecurity

the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food

food desert

geographic area where large grocery stores are scarce or missing and residents have limited access to fresh nutritious foods, typically found in urban, low-income neighborhoods

Culture

shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by the members of a society that are not the result of biological inheritance (socially constructed)

ethnicity

a group of people who share a common cultural identity

race

historical classification that is used to categorize human populations with shared physical traits (not culture)

culture trait

a single attribute of a culture, such as food preferences, architecture, and land use

ethnocentrism

judging another culture based on the values of one's own culture (language, religion, customs)

cultural relativism

the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another

cultural landscape

the combination of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, sequent occupancy, traditional and postmodern architecture, and land use patterns

sequent occupancy

the combined imprint on an area when it has been inhabited by a succession of cultures

indigenous communities

the original settlers of an area (pre-invasion/colonialism) who have retained their culture apart from the colonizers

ethnic neighborhood

an area within a city occupied by a distinctive minority culture

gender

social and cultural differences between males and females (not biological differences)

gender role

learned behaviors that are deemed appropriate to gender as determined by cultural norms

role of women in workforce

women engaged in paid work outside the home has increased substantially over 2nd half of the 20th century

gendered spaces

areas in which gender expression is either welcome or unwelcome

sense of place

term used to connote attachment to and comfort in a particular place with a strong identity that is deeply felt by inhabitants

strong sense of place

sense of place that is felt by visitors as well as inhabitants; e.g. Amish country, Little Italy

place making

how a culture makes a place fit their identity by shaping the landscape to show what they believe and value (buildings, statues, sacred sites, etc.)

centripetal forces

forces that unite a country

centrifugal forces

forces that divide a country

cultural diffusion

the spread of an idea, innovation, cultural trend, or disease from its source area to other areas

relocation diffusion

type of cultural diffusion when an innovation or idea spreads by the actual movement of individuals who have adopted the idea and carry it to a new place, e.g. the spread of Christianity to the New World, e.g. the spread of Spanish and English to the New World

expansion diffusion

type of cultural diffusion when an innovation or idea develops in a source area and remains strong there while also spreading outward the innovation or idea moves through fixed populations (wave-like)

contagious diffusion

type of expansion diffusion where nearly all individuals are affected as it spreads outward, e.g. spread of Islam

hierarchical diffusion

type of expansion diffusion when particular groups are affected as it leapfrogs over areas, e.g. cell phones, fashion

stimulus diffusion

type of expansion diffusion where a small portion of the population adopts an idea or modifies it, e.g. vegetable "burgers" in India

Lingua Franca

a language mutually understood by people who speak different languages, usually for the purpose of trade, e.g. English as language of international business, e.g. Swahili as language of trade in East Africa, e.g. Arabic as language of trade in Southwest Asia

creolization

the blending of European, Amerindian, and African cultures in the New World as a result of colonialism to create something new, e.g. Haitian Creole language in the Caribbean, e.g. Santeria religion in the Caribbean

colonialism

the policy of acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically, e.g. English pilgrims landing in America, e.g. Spanish conquistadors landing in America

cultural imperialism

dominance of one culture over another, historically, often occurred as a result of colonization, e.g. Spanish and English cultures imposed on the Native People in the Americas, e.g. occurs in present day as pop culture, which is easily diffused and causes local traditions to become commercialized

trade

people move from place to place around the world as they trade and come into contact with new ideas and cultural practices

culture change

occurs through media, technological change, politics, economics, and social relationships

globalization

the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture

urbanization

refers to the movement of people to towns/cities and the resulting expansion of the rural countryside to absorb increase in people

time-space convergence

increasing connectivity between cultures that occurs as a result of communication technology

cultural convergence

cultures become more alike as their interactions increase

cultural divergence

the tendency for culture groups to disassociate from others in order to protect or preserve their culture from influence or change

local culture (folk culture)

culture traits of usually small, traditional, homogenous, rural communities

culture hearth the source of civilization

place where a civilization began and their ideas and practices spread to surrounding areas

civilization

a society with an advanced state of social development possessing recordkeeping (writing), advanced cities (urbanization),

technology, specialized workers, complex institutions (government, religion)

language

method of communication (spoken/written)