Glencoe World History Chapter 10: Europe in the Middle Ages

carruca

A heavy, wheeled pow with an iron plowshare

manor

An agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked

serfs

Peasants legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control.

tithe

A payment of 10% of a peasants' produce given to the church.

money economy

An economic system based on money rather than bartering.

commercial capitalism

economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits

venice

A coastal Mediterranean Italian city of merchants that by the 900's had become a major trading center with a large mercantile fleet

flanders

A coastal region of present-day Belgium and northern France, ideally located for northern European traders

bourgeoisie (burghers)

Merchants or artisans who settled by a castle along a trade route, they are named after the German word "burg" meaning "a walled enclosure" because if the settlement grew large enough walls would be built around it and become a town or city.

patricians

Members of the wealthiest and most powerful families.

guilds

A business association for craftspeople or merchants or traders. Played a leading role in the economic life of medieval cities. Set standards, methods, prices, and number of craftspeople per city.

apprentice

One who learns a trade by practical experience under master craftsperson.

journeyman

A worker who has learned a trade and works for wages for other masters

masterpiece

A piece created by a journeyman who aspires to be a master craftsperson; it allowed the members of a guild to judge whether the journeyman was qualified to become a master and join the guild.

papal states

Territories in central Italy controlled by the Catholic Church since the fifth century.

lay investiture

When secular or lay rulers chose nominees to Church offices and gave them the symbols of their office.

Pope Gregory VII

The pope who decided to fight lay investiture, elected in 1073 he was convinced he had been chosen by God to reform the Churc

Henry IV

The king of Germany who disagreed with the ideas of Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture and came into conflict with him in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

concordat of worms

Ended the Investiture Controversy (1122). Allowed Church to bishops in Germany. Bishops then paid homage to the German king as his feudal lord. Symbols of earthly office from king and spiritual office from pope.

Pope innocent III

Pope who strengthened the papacy and the Catholic Church to the height of their political power in the thirteenth century by using interdict and other spiritual weapons.

interdict

A spiritual weapon used by Pope Innocent III that forbid priests to give sacraments to a specific group of people.

sacraments

Christian rites i.e. baptism, matrimony, communion, etc.

cistercians

People who were a part of the Cistercian monasticism, a stricter form of monasticism than Benedictine monasticism. Prayed, worked, and preached (esp. Bernard of Clairvaux) (1098).

Hildegard of Bingen

An educated medieval abbess who wrote religious music, poetry, and recorded 27 prophecies and later headed a convent of religious females in western Germany (1098-1179).

franciscans

A religious order in the thirteenth century founded by Saint Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) that pledged to live in absolute poverty and reject all property as well as to live by working and begging for their food.

dominicans

A religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic de Guzmán (1170-1221) to defend the church from heresy, he believed that a religious order of men who lived in poverty and could preach effectively would be the best to attack heresy.

saint franciss of assisi

The saint who founded the Franciscans, he was born into a wealthy Italian merchant family from Assisi (1182-1226)

Dominic de guzman

A Spanish priest who founded the Dominicans a group who wanted to defend the church teachings from heresy (1170-1221).

assisi

The Italian town where Saint Francis of Assisi was born.

hersey

The denial of basic Church doctrines.

inquisititon

Also called the "Holy Office," it was a court created by the Church to prosecute and punish heretics, it was ran by the Dominicans.

relics

Usually the bones of saints or objects connected with saints that were considered worthy of worship because they provided a link between the earthly world and God.

bologna

The location of the first European university, it is in Italy.

paris

The location of northern Europe's first university, it is in France.

oxford

A university in England created by teachers who left University of Paris.

theology

The study of religion and god.

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system the tried to reconcile faith and reason. (The concept of combining Christian teachings with works of ancient Greek philosophers).

artistotle

An ancient Greek philosopher whose theories were popular with medieval scholastics.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Theologian and scholastic (1200s). Made the most famous attempt to reconcile the theories of Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity. Sought to answer "does God exist" through faith and reason.

Summa theologica

Written by Thomas Aquinas, it related the opinions of different people on whether or not God exists

vernacular

The language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, or German.

chanson de geste

A 'heroic epic," a type of vernacular literature in the 12th century (Song of Roland)

black death

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the 1300s when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe, resulting in severe economic consequences

anti-semitisim

hostility to or prejudice against Jews. Increased during Black Death, as Europeans wrongly blamed Jews for the disease

Pope Boniface VIII

Held the papal office in the 1200's and fought with King Philip IV, arguing that the king could not tax the clergy due to papal supremacy

King Phillip IV

King of France in the 1200's and had a struggle with Pope Boniface VIII, arguing that clergy could be taxed

Avignon

southern France; home of Papacy from 1305 to 1377

Great Schisism

From 1378 to 1417 the Church divided because there were two popes. Led to political conflict, criticism of the Church, and calls for reform.

John Hus

The leader of a group of Czech reformers who wanted an end to corruption in the clergy and excessive papal power. Tried as a heretic & executed

Henry V

An English king who achieved victory in the Battle of Agincourt in 1415.

crecy

first major battle of the Hundred Years' War (1346). English defeat French by using longbows and pikes.

Agincourt

The location of the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 during the Hundred Years' War. The English, led by King Henry V, defeated the French

Joan of Arc

A deeply religious woman who experienced visions and believed that saints had commanded her to free France. Led French troops at Battle of Orleans (French win). Executed for witchcraft by English.

orleans

The city which Joan of Arc inspired the French army to seize.

The Hundred Years’ War

England vs. France (1337-1453). Resulted from disputes between France and England over who owned French lands.

War of the Roses

A series of civil conflicts in England which noble factions fought to control the monarchy (1453-1485), when Henry Tudor established a new dynasty.

New Monarchies

States that had their centralized power reestablished by new European monarchs (late 1400s): England, France, and Spain.

Isabella of Castile

Married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 to help unify Christian Spain. Emphasized religious conformity to Catholicism. Expelled Jews & Muslims. The "most Catholic" monarchs.

Ferdinad of Aragon

The man who married Isabella of Castile in 1469 to help unify Christian Spain. Emphasized religious conformity to Catholicism. Expelled Jews & Muslims. The "most Catholic" monarchs.

Henry VII

King of England (1485-1509). The first Tudor King, he worked to create a strong royal government, ended the wars of the nobles by abolishing their private armies, and won the favor of the middle class and nobles by not overburdening them thus gaining support for the monarch

Louis XI

King of France (1461-1483), enacted the taille (property tax) and gained support from the middle class and lower nobility, expanded France, and promoted industry and commerce helping to create the foundations of a strong monarchy.

taille

an annual direct tax, usually on land or property, that provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy (1400s)