declarative memory (class 11)
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65 Terms
Who was Henry Molaison (H.M.)?
The most famous amnesic patient whose case revealed the importance of the hippocampus for declarative memory
Removal of which structure caused H.M.'s severe amnesia?
Hippocampus
Who studied H.M. extensively?
Brenda Milner
What did H.M. teach us about memory?
The hippocampus is critical for forming new declarative memories
Who is Clive Wearing?
A patient with profound amnesia caused by hippocampal damage
What type of memory is most impaired after hippocampal damage?
Declarative memory
Declarative memory includes what two systems?
Episodic memory and Semantic memory
Who proposed the classic taxonomy of memory systems?
Larry Squire
What is declarative memory?
Memory that can be consciously recalled and verbally reported
What is episodic memory?
Memory for personal experiences and events
What is semantic memory?
Memory for facts and knowledge
Main brain structure associated with declarative memory?
Hippocampus
What is pattern separation?
The process of making similar experiences distinct from one another
Why is pattern separation important?
It reduces interference between similar memories
Which hippocampal subfield is strongly associated with pattern separation?
Dentate gyrus
Pattern separation was demonstrated by whom in animals?
Leutgeb et al. (2007)
Pattern separation in humans was demonstrated by whom?
Bakker et al. (2008)
What happens if pattern separation fails?
Similar memories become confused
Pattern separation helps support what property of memory?
Memory specificity
What is pattern completion?
Retrieving a complete memory from partial cues
Pattern separation vs pattern completion?
Separation distinguishes memories; completion reconstructs memories
Which develops later during childhood?
Pattern separation
Which develops earlier during childhood?
Pattern completion
Who showed extended hippocampal maturation is linked to memory development?
Keresztes et al. (2017)
What imaging technique was used to examine hippocampal subfields?
High-resolution MRI
Why use high-resolution MRI?
To distinguish hippocampal subregions more accurately
What does fMRI measure?
Changes in blood oxygenation associated with neural activity
What does RSA stand for?
Representational Similarity Analysis
What does RSA measure?
Similarity between neural representations
Which study examined event maps in hippocampal memory space?
Deuker et al. (2016)
What did Deuker et al. suggest about the hippocampus?
It represents memories in spatial and temporal relationships
What is neural similarity?
The degree to which brain activity patterns resemble one another
Greater neural similarity can lead to what memory error?
False memories
Which paradigm was used to study false memories?
DRM paradigm
What does DRM stand for?
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
What does the DRM paradigm demonstrate?
People can falsely remember related items that were never presented
What brain region is central to false-memory research?
Hippocampus
What is resting-state connectivity?
Correlations in brain activity when not performing a task
Which medial temporal structures show different connectivity patterns?
Perirhinal cortex and Parahippocampal cortex
What is the perirhinal cortex associated with?
Object-related memory
What is the parahippocampal cortex associated with?
Contextual and spatial memory
What is a process-specific alliance?
A temporary network of brain regions supporting a specific cognitive process
Which prefrontal area was highlighted in process-specific alliances?
Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (LVLPFC)
LVLPFC is involved in what?
Memory retrieval and cognitive control
What is an engram?
The physical neural representation of a memory
What are engram cells?
Neurons that store and reactivate a specific memory
What modern technique helps identify engram cells?
Optogenetics
What is optogenetics?
Using light to control genetically modified neurons
Who reviewed engram-cell research?
Ryan and Frankland
Can memories exist even when they cannot be retrieved?
Yes, according to modern engram research
What is forgetting at the engram level?
A failure to access stored memory traces
Does forgetting always mean the memory is erased?
No
What is reverse inference?
Inferring a mental process solely from observed brain activation
Why is reverse inference dangerous?
The same brain region can support multiple functions
What was the cautionary message at the end of the lecture?
Avoid reverse inference
Which structure is considered central to declarative memory?
Hippocampus
Which hippocampal process prevents similar memories from blending together?
Pattern separation
Which hippocampal process reconstructs memories from incomplete cues?
Pattern completion
What is the key contribution of H.M. to neuroscience?
Demonstrating the role of the hippocampus in declarative memory formation
What is the key contribution of Clive Wearing?
Demonstrating severe anterograde amnesia after hippocampal damage
Dentate gyrus function?
Pattern separation
RSA measures what?
Similarity of neural representations
DRM paradigm measures what?
False memories
Engram equals?
Memory trace
Optogenetics allows researchers to do what?
Activate or deactivate specific neurons with light