mam exam 1

Key characteristics of mammals

• 1. Hair/endothermy

• 2. Mammary glands

• 3. Viviparity

2 occipital condyles: function?

support weight of head and allow nodding of skull

Middle ear with 3 ossicles

Incus, stapes, malleus

Dentition heterodont and diphyodont

hetero- having different shapes of teeth

diph- having 2 successive sets of teeth in a lifetime

Mark Catesby:

1st major descriptor of US

mammals

museums role

1. repositories of specimens - olinguito!

• 2. libraries/data storage

• 3. education/training

• 4. research support

monographs

long term publications

zoos role

study a&p, conservation, and captive breeding programs

amniotes vs synanpsids

amniotes are large group of land vertibrates that lay waterproof eggs

synapsids are one of two primary lineages of having 1 temporal opening behind eye

fossa

temporal openings

sphenacodonts

lamina of angular dentry bone in lower jaw

lamina

thin sheet of tissue

therapsids

group of advanced synapsids

cynodontia

mammal'like cheek teeth

tricupside vs double rooted teeth

t- top part of tooth that processing food

dr- the bottom part holding the tooth

differentiated vertebrate

atlas/axis

gridles

charged for movement

Fossil/extant mammals defined by

articulation

of the squamosal and dentary bones

Quadrate, articular bones became

middle ear

bones w/stapes

mono vs polyphyletic (mam origin)

m- Includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

p- Includes organisms with different ancestors; excludes the common ancestor.

Diphyodont dentition

animal develops two successive sets of teeth in its lifetime

After dinosaur extinction, mammals helped fill

the

niches left open like

2 major causes of mammalian adaptive

radiation events

1. Extinction of dinosaurs; end of Cretaceous

• Combo of Chicxulub asteroid impact and

Deccan Traps, India = lava flows

• Changes in climate, vegetation

• heterotherms at major disadvantage

• Birds, mammals filled niches

• 2. Break up of Pangaea:

Allopatric speciation

evolution occurred

w/isolation of continents over time

roots

hold tooth in jaw

enamel

overlays dentine in the crown

pulp cavity

inside

open rooted

continual grwoth

closed rooted

can age teeth once erupted

cementum

calcium deposited annually like tree rings

alveolus

socket in bone to hold tooth

incisors

anterior teeth

canines

posterior to incisors

1 pair, 1 unicuspid, single root

premolars

posterior to caines

2 roots, uni/polycuspid, broader

molars

3 roots, not replace, grind/chew

brachyodont vs hypsodont

b: low crowns

h: high crowns

Lophodont

continuous ridges, elephants

Bunodont

rounded cusps; monkeys

Selenodont

crescent-shaped, deer

Carnassial

ast upper premolar, 1st lower

molar

Diastema

gap in jaw w/no teeth:

Dental Formula

1. incisors

• 2. canines

• 3. premolars

• 4. molars

ex dental formula 3/3, 1/1, 4/3, 1/1 = brown hyena

3 upper/lower incisors

• 1 upper/lower canine

• 4 upper and 3 lower premolars

• 1 upper/lower molar

Dentition bilaterally symmetrical

Multiply by 2 to get total # teeth

Supernumerary vs Agenesis

s: extra tooth (teeth) in a

position

a: reduced # of teeth in a position

small mammal trapping

Sherman, Tomahawk,

Longworth

Medium-sized trapping

Havahart

Large-sized trapping

box traps

Pitfall traps

A hole dug to catch some species for sampling. ex: mice

Leghold traps

catches canids and felids

Mist nets

huge net that catches bats

Snap traps

Standard mouse and rat traps.

Used to sample and collect small mammals.

burrowing

need to use a macabee or harpoon

marking technique physical marks

scars, patterns, size

artificial marking tetchniques

ear tags, foot tag, neck collar, leg bands, tattoos, branding, toe clipping, ear notching

observer effect

Changes in an organism's behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed.

to monitor species

physical sign or radiotag methods

PIT tag

Passive Integrated Transponder; its a digital code --> transponder --> reciver

mark-recapture methods

jolly seber-

trap shy vs trap happy

shy- when trapped they never return happy- when trapped they always return

Focal animal sampling

events by mammal in a time period

ex: study dominance by observing hierarchy, courtship, territory group

Nutrition condition

food limitation or availability impacts popn dynamics

ex: elk, not related to age, but was factor in lactation/pregnancy predictors

stable isotope ex with lions

lions were lacking natural prey so they started attacking railroad workers. Hunters killed them then preserved them. using stable isotope analysis to chekc nutrition and see what was going on. The lions ate up to 30-130 people

DNA: microsatellites

Short 150-bp sequences of 2-4 base repeats