Lecture 2: Nutrition for Adolescents

hormones

responsible for alterations in body composition and sexual development are nutritionally regulated.

Pubescence

Process of physically developing from a child to an adult; refers to the maturation of the total body

Growth spurt

Most rapid phase of adolescent growth

Peak

Highest point of adolescent growth.

Menarche

Beginning of the menstrual period; when the menstrual periods commence, and other bodily changes occur.

Menstruation

Periodic shedding of blood, secretions, and the functional layer of endometrium from the uterus; occurs at approximately four-week intervals; lasts three to five days.

Adrenarche

activation of the adrenal cortex > produces adrenal androgens (typically occurs before the onset of puberty)

Gonadarche - activation of the gonads by the pituitary hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Pubarche

appearance of the pubic hair

Thelarche

appearance of the breast tissue

Menarche

age of onset of the first menstrual period

Spermarche

age at first ejaculation (heralded by nocturnal sperm emissions and appearance of sperm in the urine

2-4 years

Growth Spurt take ___ to complete
17%

25%

body fat - required for development & maintenance of ovulatory cycles (Frisch)

Modeling

Growth of the skeleton occurs via ___, which changes both the size and shape of bones

ossification

Bones increase in length by ___of growth plates and in diameter by periosteal apposition (deposition of bone on the outer surface)

endosteal resorption

removal of bone from the inner surface

9-10 yo

age when cells of the hypothalamus send out signals to increase the output from growth-related glands

Growth hormone somatotropin

Stimulates protein anabolism

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

- Influence overall body growth and skeletal maturation
- Metabolic effects include an increase in oxygen consumption, heat production, nitrogen retention, protein synthesis, glucose absorption, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Growth Hormone Somaotrophin, Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

Growth Hormones Involve in Adolescence

Adrenal cortical steroids, Gonadotropins, Gonadal hormones

Hormones Involve in Adolescence

Adrenal cortex

major source of estrogens among males and of androgens among females.

• Promotes growth, sexual development, and function

Gonadotrophin

Include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin.
Secreted by the pituitary
Influence the gonads

Gonadal Hormones

• Produced in the ovary in females and the testes in males.

• Have anabolic action and influence the growth of the whole body and of specific tissues

Sexual maturity,Increase in height and weight, Body composition changes

Sequence and Stages of Growth and Development

Synaptic pruning

increases the efficiency of information processing.

myelination of nerve fibers

increased connections between the cortex and limbic systems augment the ability to evaluate and make decisions regarding risk and reward.

Early adolescence

(11-14) Improved deductive reasoning, information processing, and specialized knowledge.

Middle adolescence

(15-17) - abstract, multidimensional, planned, and hypothetical thought.

Adults and adolescents

(18-21) - differ in social and emotional factors, leading to divergent behaviors with age (e.g., more susceptible to peer influences, not as sound reasoning about real-life situati