Test 4 Study Guide: Nutrition Across Life Stages

Developmental stages from conception to birth

Zygote, Blastocyst, Embryo, Fetus (in order, by timeframe)

Amniotic sac

Fluid-filled sac for protection.

Placenta

Nutrient/gas exchange.

Umbilical cord

Connects fetus to placenta.

Pregnancy weight gain recommendations

Depends on pre-pregnancy BMI; general ranges given in guidelines.

Calorie needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Increase gradually: 1st trimester (+0), 2nd (+340), 3rd (+450), breastfeeding (+500).

Protein recommendations during pregnancy

~71g/day.

Carbohydrate recommendations during pregnancy

At least 175g/day.

Vitamins and minerals emphasized during pregnancy

Folate, Iron (most likely needs supplementation), Calcium, Vitamin D, Iodine.

Preeclampsia

High blood pressure and protein in urine during pregnancy; can be dangerous.

Gestational diabetes

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy; managed with diet, exercise, and sometimes insulin.

Hormones associated with breastfeeding

Prolactin (milk production) and Oxytocin (milk ejection).

Benefits of breastfeeding

Immunity boost for infant, bonding, weight loss for mother, reduced disease risk.

Foods and substances to avoid during pregnancy

Alcohol, excessive caffeine, raw seafood, certain fish high in mercury, unpasteurized foods.

Vitamins and minerals that may need supplementation in infancy

Vitamin D and Iron.

Infant growth in the first year

Birth weight triples by one year.

Food to avoid in infancy due to botulism

Honey.

When to introduce complementary foods

Around 4-6 months of age.

BMI percentiles for children

Underweight (<5th), Healthy (5th-85th), Overweight (85th-95th), Obese (>95th).

Preventing choking in young children

Cut foods into small pieces, supervise eating, avoid hard foods like whole grapes, nuts.

Mealtime behaviors for picky eaters

Offer variety, avoid forcing food, model good eating behaviors.

Nursing bottle tooth decay

Decay from prolonged exposure to sugary liquids in bottles.

Key vitamins and minerals during adolescence

Calcium, Iron, Vitamin D.

Exercise recommendations for children

At least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity daily.

Strategies for preventing pediatric obesity

5 fruits/veggies, <2 hours screen time, 1 hour activity, 0 sugary drinks daily (5/2/1/0 rule).

Goals of the National School Lunch Program

Provide balanced meals and improve child nutrition.

Drug-nutrient interactions

Drugs affecting nutrient absorption/metabolism or vice versa.

Diet methods for Alzheimer's prevention

Healthy diet (like Mediterranean), antioxidants, heart-healthy lifestyle.

Leading diet-related causes of death in the US

Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes.

Atherosclerosis

Plaque build-up in arteries; related to high LDL, low HDL.

Stroke and TIA

Stroke: blood flow blockage to brain; TIA: temporary blockage ('mini-stroke').

Risk factors for hypertension

Age, genetics (non-modifiable); diet, exercise, weight (modifiable).

Type 1 vs. Type 2 diabetes

Type 1: autoimmune, insulin-dependent. Type 2: insulin resistance, lifestyle-related.

Carbohydrate recommendations for diabetes

Consistent intake to manage blood glucose levels.

Lifestyle changes for hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer

Healthy diet, exercise, weight management, avoiding smoking, limit alcohol.

Healthy ranges for Total cholesterol

<200 mg/dL

Healthy ranges for LDL cholesterol

<100 mg/dL

Healthy ranges for HDL cholesterol

>60 mg/dL

Healthy ranges for Triglycerides

<150 mg/dL

Healthy fasting blood sugar

70-99 mg/dL

Healthy blood pressure

<120/80 mmHg