APUSH Period 4

Election of 1800

First national election with clear choice between parties, won by Democratic Republicans, considered 'A Peaceful Revolution'

Jefferson's Presidency

Maintained Hamilton's bank and debt repayment plans, reduced size of military and federal jobs, repealed taxes like whiskey tax, lowered debt

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Popular but considered a constitutional predicament, also made the Lewis and Clark Expedition more impactful

Aaron Burr

Attempted to lead a group of New England Federalists to secede, killed Hamilton in duel, acquitted during treason trial

John Marshall

Influential Federalist Judge who presided over many important cases over a span 34 years

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established doctrine of Judicial Review

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Federal laws supreme over state laws, doctrine of implied powers

Era of Good Feelings

Began with the end of Madison's presidency and beginning of Monroe's presidency in 1816

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff, used to protect U.S factories that had been created during War of 1812 due to loss of trade with Britain

Henry Clay's American System

Protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Influenced by American System, and created after the first bank's charter was allowed to expire in 1811

The Panic of 1819

First major financial crisis since Constitution, occurred because Bank of U.S tightened credit to control inflation, hit new Western landowners hard

Western Movement (1812-1822)

Population across Appalachian doubled, driven by Generals William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson's victory against Indians, economic pressure, improved transportation, and arrivals of immigrants

Tallmadge Amendment

A proposed solution to the Missouri slavery debate, which would have led to the gradual elimination of slavery in Missouri

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admit Missouri as a slave state, admit Maine as free state, and prohibit slavery above the Missouri Compromise Line (36*30)

Barbary Pirates (1801

Early example of a foreign entanglement Gained U.S fleet some respect and offered measure of security to U.S traders in region

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

British warship fired on U.S warship, some were killed, taken captive, and impressed (almost led to war)

Embargo Act (1807)

Response to Chesapeake-Leopard Affair, prohibited U.S ships from trading at foreign ports to hurt Britain, but didn't work and led to economic pain (repealed 1809)

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Americans can now trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon's Bill No.2 (1810)

If either Britain or France agreed to respect U.S neutrality at sea, the United States would prohibit trade with that nation's foe

Napoleon's Deception

Pretended to revoke decrees that violated U.S rights, but actually continued to seize American merchant ships

War Hawks

Included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, wanted to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Indian resistance on the frontier

Quids

Opposition to War of 1812, mainly New England merchants and Federalist politicians.

Hartford Convention

Federalists discussions of succession just before the war's end and Jackson's victory in New Orleans, making them look unpatriotic and foolish

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

Led to limitations on naval armaments on the Great lakes

Treaty of 1818

Improved U.S-Britain relations led to shared fishing rights off Newfoundland, joint occupation of Oregon for 10 years, and set U.S-Canada border

Jackson's Military Campaign

He went overboard while invading Florida in an attempt to stop the frequent raids which become commonplace due to Florida's lawlessness

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Spain sold Florida for $5 million, U.S gave up territorial claims to Texas

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S opposed attempts by any European power to interfere in the affairs of any republic in the Western Hemisphere

Old Northwest

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota

Agriculture

Innovation made possible by John Deere's Steel Plow and Cyrus McCormick's Mechanical Reaper

Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania's success led to increased private constructions of short to medium roads across Eastern coast

National/Cumberland Road

Connected Maryland to Illinois, built with Federal and State funds, one of the early Federal infrastructure projects

Improved Transportation

Canals, such as Erie Canal, Railroads, Steam Engines and Steam Boats (developed by Robert Fulton), Railrods

Telegraph

Developed by Samuel F.B. Morse

System of Interchangeable Parts

Developed during War of 1812 by Eli Whitney, improved rifle production

Corporations For Raising Capital

Law passed in New York made it easier for businesses to incorporate and sell stock

Factory System

New England first U.S region to heavily use it, primarily for Textile Mills

Lowell System

Textile mills in Massachusetts employed young farm women to combat labor shortage, soon employed by many other factories

Unions

Organized in major cities as early as 1790s among trade/craft workers, goals were 10 hour workday and improved conditions, but faced obstacles due to immigrants, frequent recessions, and state laws outlawing unions

Organized Labor Activity

Peaceful unions have right to negotiate labor contracts with employers (Commonwealth v. Hunt), some Northern states passed ten-hour workday

Universal White Male Suffrage

First Western states, then the rest of the country, adopted laws allowing all white males to vote

King Caucus

A closed-door meeting of a party's political leaders to nominate a candidate for office, soon replaced by Party Nominating Conventions

Party Nominating Conventions

Party politicians and voters would gather in a large hall to nominate party's candidates, first used by Anti-Masonic party

Popular Election of the Electors

Voters in a state could choose the state's electors

Political Parties

Two-party system become entrenched due to the need to conduct large-scale national campaigns, but third-parties such as Workingmen's Party and Anti-Masons could win smaller elections

Popular Campaigning

Politics become more about entertainment, personal attacks, and common appeal

Spoils System and Rotation of Officeholders

Government jobs would be distributed to those who campaigned for the winning party, people like Jackson believed government workers should only work one term

Election of 1824

Four-way split between John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Jackson

Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay used his influence to get John Quincy Adams elected by the House

Presidency of John Quincy Adams

Money for internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, national university, astronomical observatory

Tariff of Abominations

Increase in tariffs passed at the end of the Adams presidency that was good for Northern manufacturers and bad for Southern plantations

The Revolution of 1828

Discontent at Adams, concentrated in West, plus view of Old Hickory (Jackson) as war hero, man of the frontier

Presidency of Andrew Jackson

Followed Jefferson in reducing size of federal government, lowering national debt

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Forced resettlement of thousands of Native Americans, and supported by Southern states like Georgia

Trail of Tears (1838)

US Army made 15,000 Cherokee leave Georgia, resulting in the death of 4,000 of them

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina tried to nullify Federal Tariffs, declaring them Unconstitutional, but Jackson acted decisively, preparing the military and issuing the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, calling it treason

Bank of the United States

Jackson believed the bank was a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and vetoed its recharter in 1832.

Pet Banks

Money of the Bank of the U.S was transferred to small state banks

Specie Circular

Jackson's policies led to inflated prices for Western land, so Jackson required that all federal lands be purchased in Gold and Silver, leading to papernotes losing their value and the Panic of 1837 shortly after Jackson left office

Life on the Plains

Horses brought to America by the Spanish allowed tribes such as Cheyenne and Sioux to become nomadic hunters

Romanticism

Change from Enlightenment ideas of reason, order, and balance towards intuition, feelings, an individual acts of heroism and the study of nature

The Transcendentalists

Those who followed transcendentalism, the intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England. Their message was individual self-realization. Many of the first people to support it were well-to-do New England families who questioned the constraints of their Puritan heritage.

Ralph Waldo Emerson,

Popular writer and speaker, urged Americans not to imitate European culture but to create a distinct American culture.

Henry David Thoreau

Lived in the woods for 2 years in a cabin at Walden Pond, writing about Ecology and Conservation in Walden. Advocated against the Mexican-American war by refusing to pay his taxes, was Jailed and quickly freed, wrote On Civil Disobedience because of it

Transcendentalist Communities

Brook Farm, the Shakers, the Amana Colonies, New Harmony, the Oneida Community, Fourier Phalanxes

Mental Asylums

Dorothea Dix advocated for mental hospitals, two reformers established the School for Blind and Deaf persons

Penitentiary

Movement away from crude jails towards long-term prison institutions. Based on the fundamental belief that structure and discipline would bring about moral reform

Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831)

Killed over 50 white women, men, and children, leading to a tightening of slave codes (restrictions on movement and education)

Growth of Cotton Plantations

Expanded out from SC and GA to other Southern States, led to increase in slave population from 1 to 4 million (1800-1860)

White Society

Aristocracy / Farmers / Poor Whites & Hillbillies / Mountain People, who were isolated from the rest of the South and disliked the institution of slavery

Southern Aristocracy

Valued their Code of Chivalry, Education, Religion, but many viewed Social Reform as a threat to their way of life