FACTIONS

Who are the key members of the reformist faction?

Thomas Cromwell, Cranmer, Seymour, ascendant in the 1530s and represented what the conservatives disliked

Who were the key members of the conservatives?

Norfolk, Surrey, Bishop Gardiner, oppose the rise of new men and the rise of protestantism

When did the struggle between the factions really kick off?

after the fall of Cromwell in 1540, when henry decided not to appoint another chief minister

What were the values of the conservative faction?

supported six articles, happy to remove Cromwell, plotted against Cranmer in 1543, plotted against catherine Parr in 1544, accepted henry as the head of the church of England but did not want a change in doctrine,leader was Norfolk

What were the values of the reformist faction?

accepted Henry as the head of the church of England and wanted the introduction of Protestant doctrine, leaders were Seymour and Cranmer, pleased when Howard fell, assosciated with Parr, plotted against gardiner in 1544, had Norfolk and Surrey arrested in 1546

What was the wakefield plot?

1541, plot to overthrow the council of the north, strengthened afterwards and no problems until 1569 ( revolt of the northeren earls), want to kill the Archbishop of York, they were gentry plotters, complained about acts against acts liberties and franchises

What does Randall say about henry?

‘a pathetic old man, shamelessly exploited by those who entrusted to help him’

What does Starkey say about Henry?

‘the puppet master’

What happened to henry’s body on death?

body burst on death

What is the quote from the angry preacher during the BWR, when married to Boleyn about Henry’s death?

‘like Ahab, dogs will lick your blood’ (dogs did lick his bodily fluids after he was dead)

What does Smith say about Henry?

‘at best only in partial control of the court intrigues’

How long was Henry’s death secret for?

3 days

When did Henry die?

midnight on the 27/28th January 1547

Who is summoned as henry dies?

Cranmer, Henry can only squeeze henry’s hand

What kind of death does Henry have?

an evangelical death, can be seen to be protestant but also had no choice as he was beyond speech

Who knew of Henry’s death initially?

Paget, Denny, Seymour and Cranmer, Dudley alos knew very soon afterwards

When and who announced henry’s death?

the morning of the 31st January, lord Chancellor Wriothesley announced to parliament through a steadt stream of tears that Henry was dead

How do we know that henry’s death was kept secret?

his meals were delivered to his chambers even after his death

What does Alison Weir think is Henry’s cause of death 9as the real cause is unknown)?

pulmonary embolism

How does Wilson describe Cranmer and Henry at the end?

‘at the end there was no master and servamt, no prince and churchman; just a priest preparing a departing soul for eternity. cranmer begged Henry to give a sign that he trusted christ for salvation, he felt the grip on his hand tighten slightly. It was an evagalical departure, no anionting, no reading of latin scriptures; just a simple acknowledgment of the self-sufficient atoning work of christ. cranmer would have been glad of that.

What was Denny in control of, what was it?

the dry stamp, a perfectly legal enity that was used to sign things whilst the king was unable to, used for the last year of Henry’s reign

What is special about Paget in tudor England?

the only minister that survives all the reigns (bar HVII)

Why does Paget ally with Hertford?

he just allies with whoever is strongest at that point

What can hertford do now that he’s allies with Paget?

can change the will, so Hertford is made reget and the titles that Henry would’ve gien out but can’t (ill and dead) Hertford can, so makes himself Duke of Somerset (highest title in the realm and makes him acceptable to be regent)

What did Henry decide about the regency council?

16 men, half reformer, half conservative, all decisions have to be joint and there was to be no leader

When was Henry’s will drafted, when was it signed?

December, signed in January so he could use it as leverage if needed

What job title did Paget have?

Henry VIII’s secretary

What did Paget leave space for in the will for?

to add things if needed

WHy was the succession particulary insecure during the exeter conspiracy?

Henry Fitzroy was dead, and Ed was just a baby and could die

What was the exeter conspiracy?

a plan to overthrow henry and replace him with Henry Courtenay, earl of Devon (yorkist), possibly marry Mary to a Pole

What happened to Henry Courtenay?

act of attainder brought against him and he was found guilty of treason and executed along with other supposed conspirators

What do some historians say about the exeter conspiracy?

it was exagerrated by cromwell as a way of removing potential nobles and claimants to the throne

Froude quote about the exeter conspiracy?

courtenays were ‘petty soveriegns in Devon and Cornwall’

What was there little hard evidence to suggest about the exeter conspiracy?

the Courtenays ever had the means to intendened to muster any kind of rebellion against the king, the charges brought up aganist him were based on the corerspondence he had with reginald Pole who was a catholic cardinal and a possible yorkist claimant and the testimony of Geoffrey Pole, Reginald’s brother

Who were executed in the exeter conspiracy?

leading pole family members, Margaret Countess Salisbury, properties seized. the actions destroyed the Pole family

What did the 1536 jousting accident cause?

caused mental damage ‘brain shake’ and bone lodged in his leg (ulcerous)

What happened to Richard de la Pole?

recognised as Richard IV by the King of France and dies in a battle fighting for France against Charles V at the battle of Pavia

WHat relations are the Courtenays to Henry?

second cousins

How close are Henry and Henry Courtenay?

extremely close, basically grew up together

When does reginald pole return to england?

1555, under Mary

Who was Reginald Pole’s patron?

Henry VIII, became his patron to become a priest

What do the Poles disagree with in regards to henry?

don’t agree wit the break with room and don’t agree with treatment of Catherine of Aragon

Who was Margaret Pole close with?

Catherine of Aragon (one of her ladies in waiting)

Why was it odd that henry Courtenay was imprisoned, what does it show?

he was a child, shows how scared henry was

How does Cromwell examine the exeter conspiracy?

cross examines people

How did Reginald openly side with in the 1530s?

the pope

How does Reginald Pole stir up trouble abroad?

in Italy then then the Netherlands,convincing CV to invade

What was found in Margaret Pole’s trunks?

flags from the pilgrimage of Grace

What happened to Edmund de la Pole?

Henry executed him in 1513

What was Katherine’s Howards childhood like?

a niece of Norfolk, brought up in the dowager duchess of Norfolk’s house (respected noblewoman) who makes money off of wardship .In From an early age she was introduced to the world of sex due to the dormitories she stayed in. Taught music by Henry Mannox, had a sexual relationship but not sex. She was about 12 he was in his 20s. Francis Dereham was a distant cousin of the Howards, had a full on sexual affair. They exchange promises to marry when he returns from Ireland. Then norfolk brings her to court and Henry knows nothing of her past.

What did Henry call Katherine Howard?

rose without a thorn

How old was Katherine Howard, VS how old was Henry?

16/17 years old VS 50 year old man

How was Howard used by Norfolk?

as a way to get rid of Cromwell

What happened to Howard after she married Henry?

Thomas Culpeper arrives, he pays her attention, she ignors it and then doesn’t. They sleep together (during the York progress notably) and Jane Rochford is aiding Howard and Culpeper. Dereham comes back from ireland, shocked by the events. So he claims that she owes him a job. One of Howard’s ladies knows Dereham from their childhood. Mary Lasseles then tells her husband who tells Cranmer. Cranmer writes a letter to Henry and leaves it on a church pew for him. Cranmer starts an investigation. dereham is clean but Cranmer finds out about Culpeper when he is cross examined by Cranmer

How is Howard convicted?

Cranmer wants Howard gone (but not dead) in order to get rid of Norfolk. Howard denies everything, if she had told about Dereham there could’ve been an easy divorce. But Cranmer is forced back to torturing Dereham who confesses about Culpeper.

What is the end of Howard like?

She is executed, lady Rochford is executed, Culpeper is executed, Dereham is executed for ‘spoiling Katherine Howard’ accordinf to henry

What is special about Dereham’s execution?

he is not a nobleman so is hung drawn and quartered

What is special about the date of the marriage between henry and Howard?

same date as Cromwell’s execution

What was Howard like at politics?

terrible, lack of political sense

What was Culpeper’s job?

gentleman of the privy chamber

When was Howard executed?

13th February 1542

What was, and what was the outcome of the second factional struggle?

Katherine Howard, Conservatives fall out of favour

What was, and what was the outcome of the third factional struggle?

attempted removal of Cranmer, reformers win

What are the third and fourth factional struggle a good example of?

Henry being Puppet master

Why does the third factional struggle occur?

Norfolk wants revenge on Cranmer

How does the third factional struggle begin?

Gardiner (now the leading conservative) goes to Henry and tells him that Cranmer is a heretic (Henry knows this)

How does Cranmer deal with the third factional struggle?

after Henry summons him, he is ordered to investigate himself and finds himself not guilty of heresy

After the third factional struggle, what does Henry give Cranmer, why?

a ring of his, for his protection

What happened to Gardiner and his supporters following the third factional struggle?

He was severely reprimanded

When was the first factional struggle?

1540

When was the second factional struggle?

1542

When was the third factional struggle?

1543

Why does the fourth factional struggle occur?

Cranmer wants revenge on Gardiner, as he tried to get Cranmer burnt at the stake

In the fourth factional struggle, what does Cranmer say about Gardiner?

Gardiner’s nephew (AND SECREATARY) was executed for denying the royal supremacy (thus so did Gardiner?)

How does gardiner deny the accusations of the fourth factional struggle?

finds out and Gardiner goes to the king, explaining that he had always supported the royal supremacy (which he had)

What was the aim of the fourth factional struggle?

to have Gardiner sent to the tower

What is the impact of Howard’s execution for Norfolk?

dowager duchess of Norfolk sent to the tower (and eventually released) Norfolk is out of favour but not imprisoned

During the fourth factional struggle, what happens to Gardiner?

pardoned

What was the outcome of the fourth factional struggle?

conservatives won, but the reformists were still in a strong position

What happened to Cromwell in 1536?

after Anne Bolyen’s execution, cromwell is made a noble (baron of Wimbledon)

What happens to Cromwell in January 1539?

made chief noble of the privy chamber and removed Norfolk and Gardiner from the privy council

What happens to Cromwell in April 1540?

Made earl of Essex

Who is chief minister after Cromwell?

nobody else is under the reign of HVIII

What was and who wins the first factional struggle?

over Cromwell, conservatives win with his death

What are the 4 reasons why Cromwell fell?

factions, Anne of Cleves, Religion and Henry VIII

Why is religion a reason that Cromwell fell?

accused of treason for not following religious policy (especiallya s vice gerent in spirituals

Why is Henry VIII a reason that Cromwell fell?

was embarrassed by Anne of Cleves affair so may have been biding his time to get rid of Cromwell, aksi upset that he wasn’t following religious policy, Norfolk plays on this (imposing 6 articles), governer of Calais tells Norfolk that Cromwell is harbouring protestant Cambridge academics, Norfolk tells the King

Why is Anne fo Cleves a reason that Cromwell fell from power?

1539, talks with Cleves, Cromwell gets the blame for marriage (Henry is humiliated), but can't backtrack due to the alliance. By 1540, france and HRE at war again (no need for protestant alliance) so Cromwell’s foreign policy is redundant. Norfolk manipulates the situation by giving Henry, Howard.

Why was Anne of cleves NOT a reason that Cromwell fell from power?

he wa enobled in 1540, but this may just be an example of puppet master

Why were factions a reason for the fall of Cromwell?

1539m act of precedence passed (showed order of importance in state occasions, Cromwell was 2nd as Vice gerent, which upset lordy nobles). Norfolk hates Cromwell, Cromwell is base born and reformist. Fall out even more due to Theptford priory (East Anglia, Norfolk), Howard family all buried here, Cromwell wants to dissolve it and the howard family are relocated

What is the fifth factional struggle about, who wins?

Katherine Parr, reformists

What is the significance of Katherine Parr?

protestant, female published author, lamentations of a sinner, influence on Edward’s and elizabeth’s education, brings family together, brings protestant women to court, friendly with Anne Askew

What was the story of Anne Askew?

a noblewoman, feminist, trapped in a loveless marriage, so just left him (can’t obtain divorce), set herself up independently, and became a female preacher (not ok), tortured and racked (not ok for women) she’s burnt at the stake

How well did Parr know Askew?

uncertain, likely ran in similar circles but didn’t know each other well

When was the fifth factional struggle?

1546

What was Anne’s significance in relation to Parr?

Askew was racked in order to try and force a confession that Parr was a protestant, katherine talks about religion constantly and Wriothesly convinces Henry to investiage her

what happens after Wriothesley investigates Parr?

found guilty and a warrant is drawn up, but Dr Wendy was present so tells PArr who burns heretical literature

How does PArr convince henry to save her?

goes straight to Henry and claims she was trying to learn from him . henry forgives her but fdoesn’t tell Wriothesley.

What did Henry say when Wriothesley comes to ‘arrest’ Parr?

‘fool, knave, errant fool’

Why did henry dislike Parr talking about religion?

felt like he was being lectured