Human Reproduction Practice Test Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryonic development based on the NEET 2025 Zoology lecture notes.

Leydig cells

Cells responsible for synthesizing and secreting testicular hormones, located in the interstitial spaces outside the seminiferous tubules.

Ampulla

A part of the oviduct located between the infundibulum and isthmus that plays a key role in fertilization.

Infundibulum

The funnel-shaped part of the oviduct closest to the ovary, featuring finger-like projections called fimbriae.

Trophoblast

The outer layer of the blastocyst that aids in implantation and forms part of the placenta.

Inner cell mass

The part of the blastocyst that differentiates into the embryo and contains stem cells capable of forming all tissues and organs.

Placenta

A structural and functional unit supporting nutrient/gas exchange between mother and fetus, secreting hormones like $hCG$, $hPL$, estrogen, and progesterone.

Foetal ejection reflex

Mild uterine contractions triggered by signals from the mature fetus and placenta that initiate the labor process.

Colostrum

The initial milk produced after childbirth, which is rich in antibodies to protect the newborn's immune system.

Seminal plasma

The secretion formed by male accessory glands that is rich in fructose, calcium, and enzymes, helping in sperm motility.

Spermiation

The release of mature sperms from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubules.

Corpus luteum

A structure formed from the ruptured Graafian follicle that secretes progesterone; it degenerates if fertilization does not occur, leading to menstruation.

Prostate gland

An unpaired male accessory gland that contributes to the formation of seminal plasma.

Bulbourethral gland

A male accessory gland that produces lubricant for the penis.

Urethral meatus

The external opening of the urethra.

Mons pubis

A cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair, which is part of the female external genitalia.

Clitoris

A tiny finger-like structure of the female external genitalia located at the upper junction of the labia minora.

Luteal phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle where the corpus luteum is active.

Blastomeres

The individual daughter cells formed by the cleavage of the zygote.

Chorionic villi

Finger-like projections that appear on the trophoblast after implantation.

Relaxin

A hormone secreted by the ovary during the later stages of pregnancy.

Spermatogonium

A diploid ($2n$) germ cell that undergoes mitotic division to eventually produce primary spermatocytes.

Primary spermatocyte

A diploid ($2n$) cell that undergoes the first meiotic division to form two equal haploid secondary spermatocytes.

Acrosome

A cap-like structure on the sperm head containing enzymes that assist in penetrating the zona pellucida of the ovum.

Sertoli cells

Cells located in the seminiferous tubules that provide nutrition to germ cells and stimulate factors for spermiogenesis.

Spermiogenesis

The transformation process of spermatids into mature spermatozoa.

Oogonia

Female gamete mother cells formed during embryonic development; no more are formed or added after birth.

Primary oocyte

A female germ cell arrested in Prophase I of meiosis until it resumes development at puberty.

Graafian follicle

The mature tertiary follicle characterized by an antrum and containing a secondary oocyte, which is released during ovulation.

Antrum

The fluid-filled cavity characteristic of a tertiary follicle.

Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation at the onset of puberty.

Menopause

The physiological cessation of menstrual cycles in human females, typically occurring around $50$ years of age.

Scrotum

The pouch of skin containing the testes that maintains a temperature $2$ to $2.5^{\circ}\text{C}$ lower than the internal body temperature.

Hymen

A membrane that partially covers the opening of the vagina, often torn during first coitus or various physical activities.

Myometrium

The middle thick layer of smooth muscle in the uterus that exhibits strong contractions during delivery.

Endometrium

The inner glandular layer of the uterus that undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle.