STS 2

Industrial to technological advancements

Denis Papin

Inventor of pressure cooker

Thomas Newcomen

Together with John Calley, they developed an engine that is based on piston that was more efficient but used a lot of energy

Watt’s Steam Engine

Perfected and patented by James Watt in 1765

Steam engine that produced the needed power without consuming too much fuel

Steam engines were used to propel river boats and land transportation

Matthew Boulton

Partnered with Watt

Locomotive

An engine or rail transport vehicle

Richard Trevithick

Developed the first locomotive

It was named New Castle but was unsuccesful

George Stephenson

developed an effective locomotive

It was called Blucher, used to tow coal in Northumberland in England

Robert

George Stephenson developed locomotion 1. with whom? 12 miles per hour locomotion 1

Rocket

30 miles per hour locomotion

Robert Fulton in 1807

Developed North River Steamboat

North River Steamboat

Later on called Clermont

Technological advancements

Economic shifts due to industrialization divided people between capitalists and laborers

Industrial capitalists and businessman opted to promote laws and provisions that would provide protection for their business

Charles Agustin de Coloumb

He published a series of studies on electromagnetic which later on culminated into coulombs law

Joseph Priestley

Discovered oxygen gas by collecting colorless gas from heated mercury in 1774

Antoine Lavoisier

Father of modern Chemistry

He explained the reaction of substances that contained carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water

John Dalton

Proposed the atomic theory

Hans Christian Oersted

**He discovered the electric current produces magnetic fields**

James Clerk Maxwell

* Managed to formulate a theory on electromagnetic radiation which poses light, magnetism and electricity are variations in manifestation of the same phenomenon.
* A Dynamic Theory of electromagnetic

George Johnstone Stoney

Proposed the theory that electrons have fundamental quantities of electricity

William Crookes

He discovered cathode rays when he utilized the vacuum tube created by Heinrich Geissler

Eugen Goldstein

Discovered the positive particles called protons from a tube filled with hydrogen gas

William Roentgen

He accidentally discovered X-ray

J.J. Thompson

He discovered electron

Henri Bacquerel

He discovered radioactivity

Marie Curie

Discovered the radioactive elements in uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium from late 19th century until early 20th century

Alexander Graham Bell

Filed a patent for the telephone because of his success in developing means to exchange message in real time through electric current.

Carolus Linnaeus

* Dubbed as the “Father of Taxonomy”
* Developed a system of naming organism called the binomial nomendature
* Known for his works species Plantarum and Systema Naturae

James Hutton

Proposed that there are still gradual mechanisms on Earth that explains variability of fossils

George Cuvier

A pioneer in the field of Paleontology, proposed the theory of Catastrophism in 1813.

Charles Lyell

Proposed the principle of Uniformitarianism based on Hutton’s Theory

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A French naturalist, proposed The Theory of Acquired characteristics through the use and disuse also known as The Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

Charles Darwin

Published his work explaining its variability of living organisms entitled “On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of favored Races in the struggle of life

Gregor Mendel

Austrian monk and known as the “Father of Genetics”

He proposed a model of Inheritance that shows how organism transmit genetic information to their offspring

Max Planck

Originated the quantum of theory and the theory of relativity which was established by Albert Einstein in 1905

Erwin Schrodinger

Proposed an equation on quantum mechanics that enabled scientist to develop semiconductors and atomic power.

Robert Goddard

Launched the first successful rocket at a farm near Auburn Massachusetts.

James Chadwick

Discovered the neutron in nucleus of an atom

Oswald Avery

Discovered that genes and chromosomes are carried by DNA cells

Francis Crick and James Watsons

Proposed the double helix model of the Deoxyribonucleic Acid Or DNA, which depicts the double-stranded appearance of DNA, opposite each other

Alexander Fleming

He discovered Penicillin

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

Developed the first antibiotic that could be mass produced

Niels Jerne

\-Expounded the anti body formation process

Jonas Salk

Developed the first polio vaccine

Albert Sabin

Improved on Salk’s work and produced the oral polio vaccine

Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo

They discovered Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which led to the awareness of the causes of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Dolly

The first cloning in animal through a sheep named ______, was successfully performed before the end of the 20th Century

Orville and Wilbur Wright

They launched the first manned engine powered aircraft flight

Henry Ford

He launched the first production model of the automobile

Sputnik

The first artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union

Computer and the Age of Information

The invention of the computer from the early systems of calculation of Charles Babbage in 1812 significantly made an impact on how the world progressed in the age of technology. This led to more technological innovations.

Claude E. Shannon

* He was known as "Father Or Information Theory"


* He formulated his ideas on digital communication and published his Work, A Mathematical Theory of Communication.

Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication

* It also called "mother of all models"


* The model is incomplete because of the lack of feedback from the receiver to the information source

Warren Weaver

Collaborated with Shannon Claude to formulate the Shannon-Weaver Model

Transactional model

Involves both the sender and the receiver as communicators who exchange messages rather than have messages come from a Single sender

Interactive Model

It is often in the context of studying new media such as the internet.

Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

A binary and digital way of transmitting analog-type data

Alec H. Reeves

Who adapted the use of PCM technology for voice communication

SIGSALY

• secure speech system during World War II.

• It is also known as the Green Hornet, X System, Project X, and Ciphony I.

Alan Turing

Earned him the title "Father of the Modern Computer”

Universal Turing Machine (UTM)

Alan Turing introduce UTM in year 1936 and 1937.

A machine equipped with wheels and levers capable of calculating various mathematical equations.

Known as the first computing machine.

Z3

* The world's first programmable computer between 1936 to 1938


* Made by Konrad Zuse

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

* John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry created the first electronic digital computer ABC.
* The machine was able to solve for variables one at a time until an entire system of equations is solved.

Dynamic Random Access Memory

Meaning of the acronym DRAM/RAM

Magnetic Drum

* Was used by the US Navy to decipher encryptions and was later developed for computers in US military universities in both the US and the UK
* Could be used to store electronic digital information

Engineering Research Associates

A pioneering computer firm of the 1950s known as ______ (ERA), used parts of captured German Magnetophones to build magnetic drums and disks under the alias Project Goldberg.

Colossus

* It had roughly 1,700 vacuum tubes, which greatly deviated from the previously most complicated electronic device.
* The world's first programmable electronic computer

Tommy Harold Flowers

Invented Colossus

Harvard Mark 1

* A general-purpose electromechanical computer devised by Howard Aiken and built by IBM in 1944.
* It was able to compute and print mathematical tables.

Small Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM)

* Nicknamed as Manchester Baby computer
* spearheaded by Frederic Calland Williams and Tom Kilburn.

Fairchild semiconductors

• A company that William Shockley and his team of engineers founded.

• Later called the Traitorous Eight

International Business Machines Corporation

Meaning of the acronym IBM

604 Electronic Calculating Punch

Capable of performing basic mathematical operations hundreds of times faster than earlier IBM machines

Jack Kilby

First to patent the IC Chip

Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip

Today its serve as the brain of the computer and cellular phones and was patented under the title miniaturized electronic circuit.

IBM Stretch Computer

• Known as the 7030 Data Processing System

• The first IBM supercomputer that ran completely through transistors.

• it pioneered the use of "bytes" or 8-bit characters

Floppy Disk

Gained popularity with by IBM the introduction of the Apple II. First commercially viable storage device that was designed by IBM.

Compact Disc (CD)

* Can record digital information on an optical transparent foil
* It is a device that could record and replay sounds without any physical contact between parts

Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)

* A packet Switching network that grouped data in a message into parts or "packets" that are sent independently to other computers in the system through the most optimal route. Later was replaced by internet in 1990.

Internet

Collection and interconnection between and among numerous networks from around the globe

World Wide Web (WWW)

To access information from internet, Tim Berners-Lee created this in 1989.

Hypertext Markup Language

Meaning of HTML (also made by Tim Berners-Lee)

Uniform Resource Locator/Uniform Resource Identifier

Meaning of URL/URI (also made by Tim Berners-Lee)

WorldWideWeb.app

The very first web page editor opened in 1991.

Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses

To properly identify each individual device connected to the internet, it was used.