Antibiotic Resistance Transfer

These flashcards cover the key concepts and processes related to antibiotic resistance transfer in bacteria, focusing on genetic transfer mechanisms, mobile genetic elements, and associated terms.

Mutation

An alteration in gene expression or protein structure that can lead to drug resistance.

Horizontal gene transfer

The transfer of genetic material between different bacterial cells, contributing to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance.

Mobile genetic elements

Pieces of DNA, plasmids phages transposons that can move between bacteria

Plasmid

A self-replicating circular DNA molecule that can transfer genetic information between bacterial cells.

Transformation

Competent bacteria (with a pill) and acquire free genetic material from envrionment. DNAse sensitive 

Transduction

bacteriophage (bacterial virus) transfers material cell-cell

Competence

The ability of a bacterium to take up foreign DNA from its environment.

Homologous recombination

A process where incoming DNA with similar sequences to the host genome can integrate into the host genome.

Integration

The process by which new genetic material becomes part of the host's genome.

Transfer of plasmid DNA

Occurs via transformation, transduction by phages, or conjugation between bacteria.

Gene flanked by homologous regions

Incoming DNA that can undergo homologous recombination to be integrated into the recipient genome.

Lysogenic cycle

virus integrates its DNA into the host's genome, remaining dormant until activated. Then duplicates and gets excised and enters same as the lytic cycle for replication and lysis of the host cell.

Lytic cycle

The lytic cycle is a viral reproductive process where the virus infects a host cell, replicates its genetic material, assembles new virions, and ultimately causes the host cell to lyse, releasing the newly formed viruses.

Specialized phages

Lysogenic, with precise and non precise excision, getting some of the host genes flanked by viral DNA during integration.

Generalized phages

lytic, random packaging of host DNA and Viral DNA separately 

rec-A

. RecA plays a crucial role in homologous recombination and is vital for the process of genetic recombination in bacteria. SS DNA to DSdna

Replicon

A DNA molecule or RNA that can replicate independently within a cell, need and ORI C or ORI V and corresponding REP Protein

conjugation

is a process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact, often involving plasmids.

conjucative plasmid

contains all elements to transfer to another cell: Ori v or r, Ori T, Rep protein, TRA operon

TRA operon

contains relaxase and sex pili

ORI T

where the relaxase will knick to begin replication and transfer

Mobilizable plasmid

ORI T but no TRA

Transposon

a age that can jump anywhere within genome or to its own plasmid

Transposases

flanked by inverted repeats