PHHumanPhy (Lecture) | Module 8: IMMUNITY

Acquired Immunity

Adaptive Immunity is also known as?

Active Acquired Immunity

Antigen is deliberately introduced into a person's body to
stimulate the immune system
o Ex. Vaccination/Immunization

Active Natural Immunity

Antigens are introduced through natural exposure

Active Natural Immunity

Caused by disease-causing microorganisms

Active, and Passive

Acquire Adaptive Immunity is divided into two:

Adaptive Immunity

It is a type of immune response that Involves the process of recognition, activation and response to specific antigen

Adaptive Immunity

One of its key features is the ability to develop immunological memory

Adaptive Immunity

recognizes and destroys pathogens, but the response to them improves each time the pathogen is encountered

Adaptive Immunity

What is the SPECIFIC in the categories of Immunity?

Allergic Reactions

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: IgE are responsible for what reactions?

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Ex. Immunoglobulins

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

This type of Mediated Immunity, targets extracellular pathogens and toxins

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Type of immune response that involves the production of antibodies by B cells in response to an invading pathogen or foreign substance. Ex. Vaccines (they are antigens)

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

TYPES OF MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Involves lymphocytes such as B cells, and antibodies

Antibody-Mediated Immunity, and Cell-Mediated Immunity

TYPES OF MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Antigens

They are substances that stimulate Adaptive Immune responses

Apoptosis

Peak of life of a cell

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

B Cells

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (B CELLS OR T CELLS): When an antigen is detected, __ produce antibodies that bind to and neutralize the antigen

B Cells

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: Antibodies are produced by plasma cells, which are derived from the __

Basophils

Motile white blood cells that leave the blood and enter infected tissues

Basophils

They contain inflammatory molecules in response to allergens or lyse bacterial cells other triggers

Basophils, and Mast Cells

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: IgD activates?

Cancer Cells

Cells that grow abnormally

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Involves the action of a second type of lymphocyte, called T cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Mediated by T cells primarily effective against intracellular pathogens. Examples: viruses that infect host cells

Cell-Mediated Immunity

This type of Mediated Immunity targets infected or abnormal cells within the body itself

Chemical Mediators

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: Chemical Barriers is also known?

Chemokines

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS: Regulation of movement of Leukocytes (Basophils, Neutrophils, and Macrophages)

Chemotaxis

Movement of White Blood Cells towards chemicals that trigger the immune system

Complement

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, they are Group of proteins found in the plasma that binds to foreign substances (ex. bacterial cell, antibodies)

Complement

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, they promote inflammation and phagocytosis and can directly lyse bacterial cells

Complement, and Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: Chemical Barriers consists of?

Complement, Leukotrienes, Histamine, Kinins

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: Important chemicals known to attract white blood cells

Cytokines

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS: Responsible for regulation of integrity and duration of inflammation

Cytokines, Chemokines, and Prostaglandins

3 CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

Cytotoxic T Cells

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: These cells directly target and kill infected or abnormal cells

Fever

promotes the activities of the immune system, such as phagocytosis, and inhibits the growth of some microorganism

Foreign Antigen

TYPES OF ANTIGENS: Ex. Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Pollen, animal hairs, foods, and drugs (allergic reaction)

Foreign Antigens

TYPES OF ANTIGENS: Group of antigens that are introduced from outside the body (natural exposure)

Foreign Antigens, and Self-Antigens

TYPES OF ANTIGENS

Four Polypeptide Chains

Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules consisting of?

Helper T Cells

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: These cells secrete cytokines that activate and coordinate the immune response

Histamine, and Heparin

Basophils contain inflammatory molecules which are?

IgA

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: found in the mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk

IgA

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: most common next to IgG (SECOND MOST COMMON IN BODY)

IgA

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: protect the body from bacterial growth and colonization

IgD

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: activates basophils and mast cells

IgD

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: Acts as antigen binding site

IgE

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: Protection against parasitic worms

IgE

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: responsible for allergic reactions

IgG

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: most common and abundant antibody present in the human body

IgG

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: only antibody that can cross the placental barrier

IgG

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: provide passive immunity to a developing fetus

IgM

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: first antibody that interacts with new bacteria that enter the body and initiates a primary immune response

IgM

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: first line defense of the immune system

IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, and IgD

5 MAJOR CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Immunity

Ability to resist damage from pathogens, such as:
o Microorganisms (toxins)
o Harmful chemicals
o Internal threats (cancer cells)

Immunity

refers to the body's ability to defend itself against harmful agents
phagocytes. The most important phagocytes are neutrophils and
such as pathogens, cancer cells, and other foreign substances.

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. EXAMPLE?

Immunological Memory

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: One of its key features is the ability to develop?

Inflammatory Response

It is a natural defense mechanism that helps the body to protect and repair damaged tissues

Innate Immunity

First line of defense against harmful agents such as pathogens, toxins, and damaged cells

Innate Immunity

is the body's first line of defense and includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, as well as immune cells like natural killer cells and macrophages

Innate Immunity

Present from birth and not specific to a particular pathogen or antigen

Innate Immunity

recognizes and destroys certain pathogens, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed

Innate Immunity

What is the NON-SPECIFIC in the categories of Immunity?

Innate Immunity, or Adaptive Immunity

Immunity can be categorized into?

Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, antiviral proteins that inhibit viral reproduction by preventing the production of new viral nucleic acids and proteins

Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, proteins that protect the body against viral infections

Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, proteins that protect the body against viral infections

Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, their goal is to neutralize pathogens. They do not kill pathogens directly. They just inhibit the growth (reproduction). Makes them stop proliferating, thus, will not experience symptoms of sickness.

Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: In Chemical Barriers, they bind to the surface of neighboring cells, where they stimulate those cells to produce antiviral proteins

Interferons

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: When a virus infects a cell, the infected cell produces viral nucleic acids and proteins, which are assembled into new viruses. The new viruses are then released to infect other cells. Fortunately, viruses often stimulate infected cells to produce?

Local Inflammation

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: Confined to a specific area of the body

Local Inflammation

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: Pain caused by swelling and by chemical mediators acting on pain receptors

Local Inflammation

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: Symptoms include redness, heat, pain and swelling due to increase blood flow and increased vascular permeability

Local Inflammation, and Systemic Inflammation

Types of Inflammatory Response

Lyse

Rupture of cell wall or cell membrane of invaders (loses their integrity)

Macrophages

Monocytes can ingest more and larger items than neutrophils

Macrophages

responsible for most of the phagocytic activity in the late stages of an infection, including cleaning up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris (also called as "JANITOR" of the cell)

Macrophages

They usually appear in infected tissues after neutrophils

Mast Cells

contain granules that release histamine and other inflammatory molecules in response to allergens or other triggers

Mast Cells

Located in the skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract

Mast Cells

Nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially capillaries

Mucous, Saliva, Tears, and Breast Milk

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: IgA is found in?

Natural Killer Cells

NK cells stands for?

Natural Killer Cells

Plays a critical role in the innate immune response against infected or cancerous cells

Natural Killer Cells

They do not exhibit memory response, and they kill their target cells by releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes and cause the cells to lyse

Natural Killer Cells

Type of lymphocyte which recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells in general (found in INNATE IMMUNITY)

Natural Killer Cells

Unlike T cells, which require antigen-specific recognition, these cells recognize and kill target cells through a variety of mechanisms that do not require prior activation or antigen-specific recognition

Neutrophils

release chemical signals that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells

Neutrophils

Releases chemicals to promote inflammatory response

Neutrophils

Small phagocytic cells that are usually the first cells to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers

Neutrophils, and Macrophages

The most important phagocytes are?

Nucleic Acids, and Proteins

INNATE IMMUNITY COMPONENTS: Interferons are antiviral proteins that inhibit viral reproduction by preventing the production of new?

Parasitic Worms

IMMUNOGLOBULINS: IgE protection against?

Passive Acquired Immunity

Usually begins with vaccinating an animal. After the animal's
immune system responds to the antigen, antibodies are removed from the animal and injected into the human requiring immunity
o Ex. Antiserum/Antidotes (venom from poisonous snakes)

Passive Natural Immunity

Antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth. Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA)

Phagocytosis

is the ingestion and destruction of particles by cells called?