Blood banking

Immunohematology

Collection,storage,processing, and distribution of blood products

Blood typing

Forward - testing antigens on red blood cells

•Reagent is anti-serum which contains antibodies.

•Corresponding antibodies and antigens cause a Reaction

•patients red blood cells + reagent antisera = reaction

Reverse - testing for antibody in serum

•Reagent will contain antigens

•Patient serum + reagent red blood cells = reaction

•Exception for babies, which cannot be done on them. Their antibodies aren’t at detectable levels. Production increases at 3 to 6 months

Immune response

antibody response to antigenic stimulation

•Vivo - in body

•Vitro - out body

Antibody classes

•IgM - can cause the most (HTR)

•IgG - crossed blood brain barrier

•IgA

•IgD

•IgE

Antibodies, a.k.a. immunoglobin

Protein substances that is formed as a result of antigenic response or stimulation

•serum contains antibodies (blood bank)

Two blood grouping systems blood blank check for

•ABO - A,B,AB,O

•RH - (-or+) 100 combinations

85% (+)

15% (-)

8 possible blood types

Antigens

• foreign non-self substances that stimulate antibody production

• red blood cells have many antigens on them

• Antigens are inherited so each individual is different except twins

Hemolysis

Damaged cell membrane (breakdown)

• symptoms - chills, fever, chest pain, urine, hemoglobin, lower back pain, feel hot.

Agglutination

Visible clumping or aggregate

incompatible

Donor blood product and patient blood product have an antigen/antibody reaction - cannot be safely transfused

Compatible

Donor blood product appearing to have no reaction with each other

No Aggotination / clotting or hemolysis observed

Cross matched

Donated by an unidentified donor to an unidentified recipient

• blood banks donations are screened for crossmatch comp compatibility

Directed donation

Donated by one person usually by a family member and directed/reserved for a specific patient

Autologous

Transfused from oneself

Transfusion types

• compatible

• Incompatible

• agglutination- clotting

• Hemolysis- blood banking

Hemolytic transfusion reaction

•Caused by ABO and incompatibility

• red blood cells destroyed leading to waste

• causes renal failure and death

• critical error is the most common cause of HTR

Transfusion

Process of transferring (infusing) blood or blood products into the circulatory system