Chem lec. chapter 1

Macronutrients

Required in amounts
greater than 100 millihgram/day
• Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl

Micronutrients:

Required in amounts less
than 100 mg/dayi/
• I, F, Fe, Zn, and other elements

Compound

A substance composed of 2 or more element
• Elements are chemically bonded
• Elements are combined in fixed proportions
Key property
• Compounds can only be separated into their elements by chemical means

Examples of Compounds

H20, NaCl, C02

chemical formula
and example

identifies which elements and how many atoms of each
element are present in a compound
• Example:
– Water (H2O): two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
– Table salt (NaCl): one sodium and one chlorine.
1.2 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances
• Each substances retains its identity

physical Change

• Change in state or appearance
• No change in chemical identity
Example:
H₂O (ice) ⇄ H₂O (liquid water)

chemical change

A chemical change produces a new substance
• The chemical identity changes
• Also called a chemical reaction

Evidence of a Chemical Change

Formation of a new substance
• Energy change
(heat or light released or absorbed)
• Color change
• Gas production
• Formation of a solid (precipitate)

Law of
Conservation of Mass

During a reaction, matter is conserved
– Atoms are rearranged, but not created or
destroyed

coefficients in balancing

change the amount of substance, not the identity of the substance

giga

1,000,000,000

mega

1,000,000

kilo

1,000

deci

.10

centi

.01

milli

10^-3

micro

10^-6

nano

10^-9

Groups

vertical columns on periodic table

Periods

the 7 horizontal rows of the periodic table

identify non metals and metalloids and metals

…

atom

smallest unit of matter

element

simplest type of matter

specific gravity equation

density of object/desity of water

specific heat equation

heat/mass*Delta T

specific heat

amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

high specific heat

absorbs and retains large amounts of heat

ex: water

low specific heat

changes temp fast, doesn’t retain a lot of heat

coastal areas temp range vs inland

milder, more extreme

hyperthermia

temp>40 celcius (104F) (HIGH)

can cause convulsion, coma, and permanent brain damage

hypothermia

temp<35 degrees celcius core temp below (95F) LOW

irregular heartbeat and slow breathing

accuracy

your measurements are close to the actual value

precision

measurements are similar in value, but may not be close to the actual value

flow of heat

from higher temp to lower temp until thermal equilibrium is reached

1 fl oz to ml

29.6ml

1tsp

4.93ml

1 mi to km

1.6km

1 inch to cm

2.54cm

1 fl oz to tsp

6tsp

1 mi

5280ft

gtt

drop unit

cc cubic centimeter conversion

also cm³: 1mL

1tsp

5mL

alkaline earth metals

• Beryllium (Be)

• Magnesium (Mg)

• Calcium (Ca)

• Strontium (Sr)

• Barium (Ba)

• Radium (Ra)

alkali metals

lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium.

transitional metals

Ti to Zn columns

increase in Specific heat leads to what rate change in temperature

slower change in temperature

absolute zero

0K

1mL to mg

.0250mg

hecto

100

pico

10^-12

1Qt

4 cups