Viruses for microbio exam2

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23 Terms

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HIV (HIV1 and HIV2)

  • virus targets cells of the immune system such as macrophages and T cells which makes a person immunocompromised and helps spread the infection to other organs

  • virus is a retrovirus and integrates into the host cell’s DNA

  • the reverse transcriptase makes a lot of errors when copying the RNA into DNA so the proteins on the virus surface can change frequently and it can become resistant to antiviral compounds fast, so a cocktail of antiviral drugs is used to treat patients

  • (can cause cancer) HIV infected people often develop malignancy called Kaposi’s sarcoma which is caused by the human herpesvirus 8

  • transmission of virus is by sexual contact, blood, dirty needles, and mother to child

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Rubella

  • virus that can cross the placenta and causes Congenital Rubella Syndrome

  • transmitted by respiratory route

  • virus is a component of the MMR vaccine which contains attenuated viruses

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Measles

  • Koplik’s spots on the lips and cheek appear before other symptoms occur

  • complications caused by this virus are measles encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

  • virus is included in the MMR vaccine

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Varicella-Zoster

  • herpesvirus causes chickenpox and can cause complications such as damage to blood vessels and Reye’s syndrome

  • since it resides in ganglia of the head and neck in its latent form, it can be activated and cause Shingles

  • there is an attenuated virus vaccine that is available to protect against chickenpox and a stronger version of this vaccine is give to protect against Shingles 

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Smallpox

  • this virus is one example where humans successfully got rid of a deadly virus and a successful vaccination program across the planet was required for this to happen

  • a similar disease but less severe caused by MPOX has become a growing health concern and that virus is in the same genus as the smallpox virus 

  • smallpox vaccine has a protective effect in disease spread 

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Papillomavirus

  • over 100 strains of this virus

  • (can cause cancer) most strains cause warts but 13 strains numbered 16, 18, 8 and ten other strains are known to be involved with cervical cancer

  • genital warts are referred to as condyloma acuminata and usually transmitted sexually

  • vaccine from Merck called Gardasil is available to prevent infection with nine of those strains but the vaccine appears to do nothing to an already established infection in a person 

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Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

  • HSV1 is predominantly found in cold sores and HSV2 is predominantly found in genital herpes

  • this si a latent virus that resides in ganglia and it can lead to more serious complications such as encephalitis, lung, liver, and spleen infections

  • another complication from an active infection is Neonatal herpes

  • virus can be shed even when there is no lesion present 

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

  • about 80% of adults are carriers of this human herpes virus-5 (HHV-5)

  • this virus can cross the placenta and cause sever damage to the fetus (cytomegalic inclusion disease, CID)

  • it is a problem in patients receiving a transplant since they need to take drugs to suppress their immune system and can’t fight off this virus as easily as a healthy person 

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Rhinovirus

  • most common cause of a cold

  • so many different strains of this virus make it impossible to produce an effective vaccine

  • coronaviruses are also a common cause of a cold

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Influenza

  • is composed of 8 fragments of RNA which codes for the viral proteins

  • hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase are required for the virus to be infection

  • changes in the genes coding for these proteins reuslts in the different viral strains / these changes are referred to as antigenic drift and it is the reason why every year there are different viruses that make up the vaccine

  • since the viral RNA is on different fragments, if 2 different viruses infect a host cell simultaneously, there is a chance for gene reassortment of these different RNA fragments which also results in new viral strains / this is called antigenic shift and is why the “Bird Flu” is a concern since it is known that in cases where people become infected with the Bird Flu there is a high mortality rate with it

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

  • caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) and has a high mortality rate and first outbreak from this virus was in 2002

  • epidemic declared done in summer 2003 due to quarantining people sick with the virus but it already spread to many other countries

  • it is known that it resident in civet cats and domestic cats in China

  • virus is spread by close contact with infected people and it is monitored by World Health Organization (WHO) as an emerging virus

  • SARS-CoV-2 is new coronavirus causing COVID-19 / the high mutation rate when this RNA virus replicates its RNA causes new strains of the virus to evade antibodies made to a previous strain and that is why vaccine booster shots will be needed for the future to prevent another massive outbreak fo the infection

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Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

  • most common lower respiratory infection in children under 1 year old so hospital workers need to be careful not to spread this virus in nursery wards

  • there is a new RSV vaccine which has just been approved for use

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Noroviruses

  • group of viruses like the first identified Norwalk virus

  • they are transmitted by the fecal-oral route

  • virus can remain on surfaces for a long time

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Mumps

  • humans are the only host of the virus

  • it is a part of the MMR vaccine

  • there are complications caused by this disease such as male sterility if an adult is infected with the virus and it can also cause meningoencephalitis 

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Rotavirus

  • causes viral enteritis among infants and young children so hospital workers have to be careful to spread the virus in children’s ward

  • there is a vaccine to it

  • in developing countries, there is a high mortality rate associated with it since children do not receive fluids lost from diarrhea 

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Hepatitis A, B, C

  • hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus and hepatitis A and C are RNA viruses

  • hepatitis A is spread by the fecal-oral route and there is a vaccine to it

  • hepatitis B (can cause cancer) is spread through blood and blood products and sexual contact / a person can carry this virus in their body for many years after recovery which may lead to liver disease / there is a vaccine to this virus which all healthcare workers need / this virus is implicated in some cases of liver cancer

  • hepatitis C (can cause cancer) is spread through blood products / it can become a chronic infection in some people and has been implicated in some cases of liver cancer and liver cirrhosis

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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

  • this herpesvirus causes infectious mononucleosis and targets the B cells of the immune system

  • remains latent in the B-cell after recovery of the initial infection

  • this virus can lead to complications in immunocompromised people

  • (can cause cancer) can cause the tumor Burkitt’s Lymphoma as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma 

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Polio

  • two forms of the vaccine (Salk and Sabin) and since everyone in US is vaccinated, we would most likely only see cases of it in someone not vaccinated coming from other country

  • there are 3 serotypes

  • complication caused by poliovirus is complete or partial paralysis

  • WHO has attempted to get all countries to participate in a vaccination campaign to eliminate the virus from planet but so far it has not met with the same success that smallpox vaccination has

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West Nile Virus

  • transmited by mosquito and has spread across the country in the short time that it was introduced here

  • it can be seen as emerging disease and will be hard to control since birds are a reservoir for it

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Rabies Virus

  • found in many mammals and it is critical that dogs and cats continue to be vaccinated

  • many cases of rabies that show up today are not only from rabid animal bites because another example is when cuts exposed to viruses left in bat fecal matter it can be a possible source of entry into the human body 

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Encephalitis

  • Eastern Equine, Western Equine, and St. Louis Encephalitis Viruses cause inflammation of the brain

  • these viruses can be thought of as emerging viruses and birds may be a reservoir for some of these viruses

  • mosquitoes pass these viruses onto humans and horses

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Zika Virus Disease

  • caused by Zika virus and transmitted mostly by mosquitoes

  • can also be transmitted sexually, mother to fetus during pregnancy, and through blood transfusions

  • major complication is microcephaly in infant when mother contracts disease during pregnancy 

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Prion disease

  • human diseases are kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia

  • 9 animal diseases fall into this category, one of them being “mad cow disease” and these are neurological diseases because large vacuoles develop in the brain

  • can be inherited or transmitted to humans who ate meat or organs from infected cattle who ate scrapie-infected sheep meat + CJD has been transmitted with transplanted nerve tissue and contaminated surgical instruments

  • These diseases are caused by the conversion of a normal host glycoprotein called PrPC (normal cellular prion protein) into infectious form called PrPSc (scrapie protein)

  • PrPC is involved in cell signaling, nerve function, and preventing cell death while PrPSc has misfolded proteins, cells cannot function properly, cells die (mutation in protein)

  • If an abnormal prion protein enters a cell, it changes a normal prion protein to which now can change another normal resulting in an accumulation of the abnormal in the cell and on the cell surface.