Test 1-Dr. Meng (only antigen presentation, t/b cell activation, adaptive effects and regulation, IgG classes)

what are the 2 arms of adaptive immunity?

humoral, cell-mediated

humoral immunity involves what type of cells?

b

cell-mediated immunity involves what type of cells?

t

the lag time in developing adaptive immune responses is due to dendritic cells ____ lymphocytes to activate and proliferate

selecting

5 types of leukocytes?

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils are _____ ____

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

do polymorphonuclear granulocytes have segmented nuclei?

yes

do polymorphonuclear granulocytes have cell specific cytoplasmic granules?

yes

monocytes and lymphocytes are ___ ___

mononuclear agranulocytes

do mononuclear agranulocytes have cell specific cytoplasmic granules?

no

do mononuclear agranulocytes have segmented nuclei?

no

lymphoid organs include __, ___, bone marrow, and lymph vessels/nodes

thymus, spleen

B cell maturation occurs where?

bone marrow

T cell maturation occurs where?

thymus n

thymus is involved in central tolerance bc induces ___ of self-reactive t cells

apoptosis

what lymphocytes are involved in adaptive response?

t, b, nk cells

what APCs are involved in adaptive response?

dendritic cell, macrophage, b lymphocyte

what is signal 1 of antigen presentation?

mhc-tcr

mhc-tcr (signal 1) determines ___ of immune response

specificity

what is signal 2 of antigen presentation?

costimulation

costimulation dictates ___ of immune response

intensity

Mhc class 1 engages what type of T cells?

cytotoxic

what cells express mhc class 1?

all nucleated cells

the peptides presented by mhc class 1 are derived from ___ proteins (synthesized within cell)

endogenous

the peptides presented by mhc class 2 are derived from ___ proteins (internalized through phagocytosis)

exogenous

what cells express mhc class 2?

APCs

Mhc class 2 engages what type of T cells?

helper

what are the 3 steps in cell-mediated immunity?

recognition,. attack, memory

attack in cell-mediated immunity involves __ and ___ release to kill target cells

perforin, granzyme

helper T cells express ___ and respond to class 2 mhc

cd4

cytotoxic T cells express ___ and respond to class 1 mhc

cd8

looking specifically at costimulation (signal 2), what does the T cell present?

cd28

looking specifically at costimulation (signal 2), what does the APC cell present?

b7

what is b7 contain?

cd80/86

once activated, the T cells release __-__

IL-2

apcs will specifically select T cell for specific antigen and make it undergo __ ___

clonal expansion

___-__ of the APC: when the app takes up a piece of the antigen and presents it on mhc class 1 to activate the cd8 cell

cross priming

what is the main type of cytokine we are concerned with in cytotoxic response?

IL-2

where does IL-2 mainly come from?

helper t

IL-2 required for __ of lymphocytes

proliferation

B cells secrete antibodies in form of __ __

plasma cells

B cell captures ___ and presents in on mhc 2 to a helper T cell, which then releases __-___ to help proliferate the plasma cells

antigen, il-2

antibody also known as ____

immunoglobulin

antibody ___ and __ antigens for destruction

neutralizes, tags

antibody has __ __ chains and __ ___ chains

2 light, 2 heavy

what is the variable region of the antibody called?

Fab

each antibody has how many Fabs?

2

fab recognizes the ___

epitope

what is the constant region of the antibody called?

fc region

fc region mediates ___ mechanisms

killing

classes of antibodies

___-major antibody that can enter tissue spaces

Igg

classes of antibodies

___-found in membrane of B cells, regulates B cell activation

igd

classes of antibodies

____-responsible for allergy

Ige

classes of antibodies

____- doublet found in body fluids

IgA

classes of antibodies

___- star shaped clusters that are early response to antigens

Igm

what are the 3 steps of humoral immunity?

recognition, attack, memory

fc receptors are found on some leukocytes and recognize the __ region of antibody

fc

_____- process of plasma cells tagging the antigen for destruction

opsonization

regulatory T cells are also called?

tregs

tregs are a subset of cd4 that help maintain immune ___

tolerance

tregs express a tcr that is __ specific

epitope

tregs express __-__ for their own survival

il-2

tregs express ____, which is a transcriptional regulator

foxp3

what are the 3 targets of treg suppression?

dendritic cells, cd8 t, cd4 t

tregs express ___-__, which competes with cd28 for binding to b7 (cd80/86)

ctla-4

tregs will cause Il-2 to downregulate antigen presentation so as to decrease ___ of cd8 and cd4 t cells

proliferation

tregs release __-__, which blocks activation of t cells

il-35

what induces and sustains tregs?

tgf-beta

___ is produced by tregs and inhibits effector t functions

adenosine

tregs arise _-__ days after infection but may remain for longer in chronic inflammation

1-2

____- unique proteins expressed in cancer cells during their development that are recognized by T cells in the hosts

neoantigens

what are the 3 bivalent antibodies

IgG, IgD, IgE

what is the only antibody with 4?

IgA

what is the only antibody with 10?

IgM

there is enhanced ___ ___ for multivalent agents

collective affinity

what antibody is most concentrated in blood?

igG

what antibodies are less than 1% in blood

igE, IgD

what antibody can perform opsonization

igG

what antibodies can activate complements?

IgG, IgM

what antibodies can activate leukocytes?

IgG, IgE

what antibodies can cross placenta?

IgG

Fc(gamma)R- mediates ____ and antibody-dependent __ ___

opsonization, cellular toxicity

FcRn mediates ___ transport

placental

Fc(epsilon)R- mediates ____ ___

allergic rxns

what are the 4 subclasses of IgG?

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

___ is the primary antibody for response as it responds to proteins, polysaccharides, allergens, can perform cytotoxicity, and complement activation

IgG1

IgG1 is the most ___ IgG subclass in the blood

abundant

IgG2 is critical for response to ____ encapsulated bacteria

polysaccharides

what subclass of IgG has shortest half life?

IgG3

what is the biggest IgG subclass?

IgG3

what class of IgG does not exhibit any killing functions?

IgG4

ALL IgGs are held by ___ bonds and can cross ___

disulfide, placenta

cytotoxic T cells express all of following on surface except?

a. il-2 receptors

b. cd8

c. mhc 2

d. cd28

e. mhc 1

c

which Ig class exists as a pentamer?

IgM

which Ig classes are the most reliable in activating complement cascade?

IgG, IgM

which Ig class is most reliable in activating neutrophils and NK cells?

IgG

which IG class activates mast cells and basophils?

IgE