BIO 126 Anatomy & Physiology I Lab Practical Midterm Flashcards

This set of vocabulary flashcards is based on the BIO 126 Lab Practical Midterm study guide, covering anatomical terminology, chemistry basics, cell biology, histology, the integumentary system, bone tissue, the skeletal system, and joints.

Anatomical Position

Standard position: Upright, facing forward, arms down to either side, palms facing out

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head

Inferior (caudal)

Toward the tail

Proximal

Closer to the point of origin

Distal

Further from the point of origin

Midsagittal Plane (MSP)

Divides body into equal left and right sections

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Divides body into front and back sections

Thoracic cavity

Upper ventral body cavity

Integumentary system

Composed of Hair/Skin/Nails; protects body from external environment

Skeletal system

Bones & Joints; supports the body, protects organs, and provides leverage for movement

Atomic number

Number of protons in atomic nucleus; defines every element

Ionic bonds

Electrons transferred from metal atom to nonmetal atom; results in formation of ions

Covalent bonds

Strongest bond; $2+$ nonmetals share electrons

Acid

Hydrogen ion or proton donor; # of hydrogen ions increases in water when acid added

Lipids

Group of nonpolar hydrophobic molecules composed of hydrogen/carbon; include fats & oils

ATP

Main source of chemical energy in body

Amphiphilic

A molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, such as a phospholipid

Osmosis

Solvent molecules move from low to high concentrations through a selectively permeable membrane

Active transport

Require energy (ATP) to proceed as solutes move against concentration gradients (low to high concentration)

Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump)

Maintains steep concentration gradients by transporting $3Na^+$ out and $2K^+$ into cell for every ATP molecule hydrolyzed

Nucleolus

Synthesizes ribosomal RNA & assembly of ribosomes, located inside cell nucleus

Mitochondria

Power plant of the cell; provides majority of ATP

Metaphase

Spindle fibers from opposite poles of cell pull sister chromatids into line along middle (equator) of cell

Epithelial Tissue

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface/lines a cavity

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Cells vary in height and appear to be multi-layered; contains cilia to move mucus

Areolar tissue

Loose connective tissue; supports/binds other tissues; universal packing material between other tissues

Hyaline cartilage

Supports & reinforces; resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

Cardiac muscle

Branching, striated, uninucleate cells that connect at intercalated discs; involuntary control

Stratum basale

Single layer of stem cells closest to dermal blood supply; responsible for Vitamin D synthesis and replacement of keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin for UV protection

Arrector pili

Smooth muscle attached to hair follicle

Meissner corpuscle

Respond to light touch stimuli; small, round at top of papillary layer

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cell responsible for building bone

Osteon

Basic structural unit of compact bone

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone

Epiphyseal plate

Line of hyaline cartilage found in developing bones of children

Sesamoid bone

Round, flat bone found within tendon, such as the patella

Mandible

Largest/strongest facial bone, forms the lower jaw; only freely movable bone of the skull

Sella turcica

Center of sphenoid bone; houses pituitary gland

Atlas (C1)

Vertebra with no body or spinous process; supports the skull and allows "yes" motion

Synarthrosis

Functional classification of a joint with no movement between articulating bones

Synovial fluid

Thick liquid within the joint that aids in lubrication, transportation, and shock absorption

Ligament

Strand of dense, regular, collagenous connective tissue; links one bone to another

Flexion

Decreases angle between bones; brings bones closer to one another

Abduction

Motion of body part away from midline body or another reference point