chem1013-end of chapter 11

What is hybridization?

combines standard atomic orbitals for form new hybrid orbitals that are more consistent with distance of electrons in bonded atoms

What is the point regarding hybridization requires energy?

can only happen if the energy released by bond formation is greater than the energy cost of orbital hybridization

What are the three rules for hybrid orbitals?

1. # of standard orbitals added together = # hybrid orbitals forms (total # orbitals same)

2. combination of standard orbitals determines shape and energy of hybrid orbital

3. hybridization results in lowest possible energy

What do single bonds consist of?

1 sigma bond

What do double bonds consist of?

1 sigma bond + 1 pi bond

What do triple bonds consist of?

1 sigma bond + 2 pi bonds

What level of mobility do single bonds have?

free rotation, flexibility

What level of mobility do double and triple bonds have?

restricted rotation due to electron sharing

How do you identify hybridization?

count the number of electron groups around the central atom, and determine the correct hybridization

What is the hybridization for 2 electron groups?

sp

What is the hybridization for 3 electron groups?

sp²

What is the hybridization for 4 electron groups?

sp³

What is the hybridization for 5 electron groups?

sp³d

What is the hybridization for 6 electron groups?

sp³d²