Sociology unit9-11

Social Inequalities

Occurs when resources and power in a given society are distributed unevenly which results in societies organized by hierarchies of race, class, and gender

Social Stratification

Ranking of individuals (or groups of people) on the basis of enqual access to resources ( income, wealth, and social status)

• in 2010, 22% of children in the U.S lived in povery

• The richest 1% of U.S owned 40% of countries total wealth

• The bottom 80% of U.S owned 7% of the wealth (Obama)

Federal Poverty Line

Property level as defined by federal government and identifies what it would cost a family of a certain size to meet its basic needs

• Those below FPL may be eligible for welfare benefits

• According to Princeton University money buys happiness, up to $75,000 and the lower a persons income below that amount is unhappier

• lower income doesn’t cause sadness, just problems

• people who exceed $75,000 haven’t reported of feeling happier

Fiscal Conservations

political-economic philosophy advocating low taxes and reduced government spending; tend to support private philanthropy

Fiscal liberalism

political-economic philosophy advocating higher taxes and increased government spending; tend to support welfare programs

Welfare

financial support given to people in need (food stamps, medicad, children’s health insurance program, affordable housing, etc)

Unemployment

% of people who are actively seeking work but cannot find a job

Outsourcing

Blue collar jobs gone to other countries where manufacturing is cheaper to keep prices low

Education

Students who don’t graduate high school or college get lowest paying jobs

Social Mobility

movement between or within classes

Vertical mobility

movenment between social classes

Downward mobility

moving to a lower social class

Horizontal mobility

movement with a social class

Capitalism

economic system where individuals are free to use private money to start businesses and make a profit

Socialism

economic system where government owns means of production (factories and machines)- not individuals

Communism

economic and political system that supported socialism through a workers revolution; founded by Karl Marx

Universal Basic Income

new welfare policy in which individuals receive higher, livable sum of money from the government

Education (solutions to poverty)

median income of black and hispanic students with college degrees with 2x as high as non graduates in 2013

Health care reform

poverty and low income status are associated with various adverse health outcomes, including shorter life expectancy, higher infant mortality rates, and higher death rate

Private healthcare

run by private for profit organizations (HMOs) and mostly covered by employers

Universal healthcare

run by the government all covers all members of society through higher taxes

Race

category of people who share inherited physical characteristics

ex:black, asian, white

Ethnicity

cultural characteristics (like nationality, religion, language, and customs) that distinguish one group from another

Minority group

Category of people who share physical characteristics or culture that differs from dominant group, and may experience unequal treatment

Prejudice

preconceived opinion or bias we are not aware of

Implicit bias

an unconscious bias we are not aware of

Discrimination

to act out of prejudice

Stereotype

a generalization (usually exaggerated or oversimplified and often offensive) used to describe a group

Microaggressions

everyday verbal or nonverbal slights or insults that are often unintentional but send negative messages to people

Profiling

the use of personal characteristics to: 1) make generalizations about a person or 2) determine whether a person may be engaged in illegal activity

Symbolic annihilation

idea that if you don’t see people like you in the media consume, you must somehow be unimportant

Model Minority Myth

stereotypes that Asians are universally successful and intelligent

Hispanic

individuals who are Spanish speaking or have a background in Spanish speaking countires

Latino/a

individuals who are from Latin American country

LatinX

gender neutral alternatives to Latino

Privilege

terms for societal privileges that benefit people in the majority group, beyond what is commonly experienced by minority groups

Sex

biological features that define men and women

Gender

characteristics associated with distinguishing between masculine and feminine

Gender roles

societal norms dictating the types of behavior considered acceptable for people based on their perceived or actual sex

Glass ceiling

invisible barrier that prevents women from obtaining upper level positions

Title IX

“No person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be receiving Federal financial assist

Sexual harrasment

harassment in a workplace, or other professional or social situation, involving the making of unwanted sexual advances or obscene remarks

Structures of oppression

systematic mistreatment of people within a social group, supported and enforced by the society and its institutions

Male privilege

potential social, economic, and political advantages or rights that are made available to men soley on the basis of their sex

Rape culture

the normalization and acceptance of sexual violence in society which includes victim blaming, and putting burden on women to avoid rape as opposed to teaching men not to rape, system that allows rapist to not only get away with it, but to feel okay about it, even universitas have been part of the problem by discouraging the reporting of sexual assault