Exam 2

What are values in psychology?

Qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important.

How does perception affect values?

Perception acts as a filter that influences how values are understood.

What is values clarification?

The process of discovering what is personally worthwhile or desirable in life.

Define attitudes in psychology.

A set of emotions, behaviors, and beliefs toward a particular object, person, thing, or event guiding our attention and actions.

What does the term prejudice mean?

Prejudgment; it refers to applying a previously formed judgment to someone or something, which can be favorable or unfavorable.

What is a stereotype?

An oversimplified, fixed attitude about a person or group.

What is achievement motivation?

The learned motivation to be competent and master challenging tasks.

What is the difference between internal and external locus of control?

Internal locus attributes responsibility to the self, while external locus attributes responsibility to outside factors.

What is learned helplessness?

A passive state resulting from being placed in situations where outcomes are unaffected by one's behavior.

Define self-efficacy.

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

What is personal agency?

The realization that one’s actions cause outcomes.

How do self-efficacy and self-esteem influence each other?

Persistent failure or negative self-perception can lower both self-efficacy and self-esteem.

Define self-regulation.

The ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time or place is available.

What is antisocial behavior?

Behaviors that harm other people, including aggression, violence, and crime.

Define prosocial behavior.

Behaviors that benefit other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation.

What is aggression in a psychological context?

Any behavior intended to cause harm or injury to another person.

Define altruism.

Behavior that is kind, considerate, generous, and helpful to others.

What is social cognitive theory?

A theory emphasizing how behavior is influenced by social interactions and cognitive processes.

What is ecological theory?

A framework examining human development and behavior in the context of the environment and interacting systems.

What is the difference between ascribed status and achieved status?

Ascribed status is assigned at birth, whereas achieved status is attained through personal actions.

What does traditional society emphasize?

Long-established customs, values, and practices passed down through generations.

What characterizes modern society?

Rapid technological advancements, industrialization, and a shift toward individualism.

Define collectivism.

A cultural orientation emphasizing group goals and social harmony over individual desires.

What is individualism?

A cultural orientation that emphasizes personal autonomy and the pursuit of personal goals.

What are social norms?

Unwritten rules or expectations that govern behavior within a group or society.

What is the Protestant ethic according to Max Weber?

A set of values associated with hard work, frugality, and individual responsibility linked to personal virtue.

How does stress affect family dynamics?

High-conflict families create emotional strain, leading to distinct family roles and stress-related behaviors as coping mechanisms.

What is empowerment?

Gaining control over one’s life and making informed decisions.