ANAT PPT 2 (part 1) Surface of the Body and Axial Skeleton

The \_____and \___ of the body are useful for the orientation of the body and of the body surface.

longitudinal lines and planes

The \____and \___ are the dorsal and ventral median lines of the body, respectively

dorsal (a) and ventral midline (b)

is the plane between the two lines mentioned above. It divides the body into right and left halves

Median plane

are adjacent planes parallel and lateral to the median plane. They divide the body longitudinally, but into unequal parts

Sagittal (paramedian) planes

are planes that divide the body transversely and are perpendicular to the median and sagittal planes

Transverse planes

lie parallel to the dorsal body surface. They divide the body perpendicular to the longitudinal (median and paramedian planes) and transverse planes

Dorsal planes

a plane parallel to the horizon, upon which it is assumed that objects are projected.

Horizontal planes

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)

derive partially from body parts, e.g., in direction toward the tail partially from landmarks of the body surface

Caudal/ Inferior

in a direction toward the head, cannot be applied in the head region.

Cranial / Superior

is used in a direction toward the tip of the nose

Rostral

relates to the 'back' or dorsum of the body.

Dorsal / Posterior

in a direction toward the belly (venter), may be used on the proximal parts of the limb, but is not used on the free part of the limbs.

Ventral / Anterior

toward the attached end

Proximal

toward the free end

Distal

are related to the axis of the body

Proximal and Distal

the surface of the manus that faces caudally in the normal standing attitude

Palmar

from the tarsus distally the surface of the pes that faces caudally in the normal standing attitude of the animal

Plantar

means toward the middle or center. It is the opposite of lateral. The term is used to describe general positions of body parts.

Medial Median

means to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body

Lateral

situated or occurring on the outside, many anatomical structures formerly called external are now more correctly termed lateral

External

Situated or occurring within or on the inside, many anatomical structures formerly called internal are now correctly termed medial

Internal

on the surface or shallow. As opposed to deep. The skin is superficial to the muscles. The cornea is on the superficial surface of the eye.

Superficial

away from the surface or further into the body. As opposed to superficial. The bones are deep to the skin

Deep

a Latin word which means deep

Profundus

a bodily part (such as a bone or muscle) that is near the temples or the sides of the skull behind the orbits

Temporal

the tip of a pyramidal or rounded structure, such as the lung or the heart.

Apical

refers to the mouth

Oral

the space inside the nose

Nasal

relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and trunk

Axial

away from the axis of a structure

Abaxial

situated beneath the axis of the spinal column

Hypaxial

―"integument" or skin comes from a Latin word that means

"to cover "

functions of the integumentary system

Serves as barrier against infection and injury, Helps to regulate body temperature, Removes the waste products from the body, Provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun, Generates vitamin D.

is the largest organ of the body, making up 6-8% of the total body

weigh

Skin

Skin is composed of three layers

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

SKIN forms the external surface of the body and consists of two layers:

epithelial layer \= epidermis, connective tissue layer \= dermis or corium.

The dermis rests upon an underlying layer of connective tissue

subcutaneous layer or subcutis

The latter consists of a fatty part

panniculus adiposus

fatty part + supporting fibrous part

superficial fascia

the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and skin pigmentation

Epidermis

The epidermis of thick skin has five layers

Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum.

Epidermal cells:

KERATINOCYTES, MELANOCYTES, LANGERHANS' CELLS, MERKEL'S CELLS

the deepest layer, made up of a single layer of

cuboidal or columnar cells.

Stratum basale

This layer appears covered in thornlike spikes,

provide strength and flexibility to the skin

Stratum spinosum

it is made up of 3 -5 layers of keratinocytes;

site of keratin formation, keratohyalin gives the granular appearance

Stratum granulosum

only found in the fingertips, palms of hands and

soles of feet; made up of 3 - 5 layers of flat dead keratinocytes

Stratum lucidum

the outermost layer; made of 25 - 30 ayers of

dead flat keratinocytes. lamellar granues provide water repellent

action and continuously shed and replaced

Stratum corneum

produce the protein keratin that helps protect the epidermis

Keratinocytes

Through a process called the melanogenesis, these cells produce melanin, a pigment in the skin, eyes and hair.

Melanocytes

participate in immune response; formed in marrow and moved to the skin

Langerhans cells

participates in the sense of touch; connected to the nerve

cells in the dermis

Merkel cells

beneath the epidermis, is comprised of appendages.

dermis

The commonly seen skin appendages are:

hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine sweat gland, eccrine sweat glands and nails