bio frq terms

cell membrane protein

receptor

biological species concept

referring to how species can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring and reproductive isolation

heritable phenotypic change

genetic information has been altered and is subjected to generations

vs. non heritable (phenotypic plasticity) = not altered

ecological relationship

mutualism, paratism, predation, competetion commensalism

phylogeny

evolutionary history and relationships

evolutionary relationships

“how closely are these species related to one another through common ancestory?”

morphological similarities

doesnt immediately refer to homologous structures

evolutionary change

how a species has evolved

higher genetic variability =

shows more evolution genetically

when mentioning a populations decrease/increase

mention alongside its envoirment ALWAYS

monophyletic group

shares a common ancestor with all other species in the group

monocultures

growing one organism over a large area

dont say “follow mendels law” instead say

specify the law

epistatic

relationship between genes, the whole idea of dominance

linkage group

essentially linked genes

methodology

methods that can be used

additional) RNA processing

refers specifically to pre-mRNA process to mature mRNA

alternative/reverse null hypothesis

to accept that a variable is effecting the y-axis

“the concentration causes an increase in rate of reaction”

null hypothesis outside bar graphs

x-axis has no effect on y-axis

Support the scientists' claim based on the data provided

using numbers and calculations, provide what u see on the data that relates to the claim

maximum reaction/ 50%-max

quite literally “based on the highest reaction and the reaction at 50% of its max”

positive control ex

Using the same antibiotic or similar in the experiment group on our control but with a known positive outcome.

cleavage occurs

“cut”

the enzyme cuts the protein at the exact specific site

how?

the process

why?

the reason

bar graph null hypothesis

There is no significant difference

(rejeted = is a significant difference

acceepted = tru)

alternative null hypothesis

there is a relationship between the two variables

“the enzyme denatures”

vague, always briefly explain what that means

the highest contraction rate?

water potiential in the cell/ out the cell

in an experiment when smth is soaked in smth meant to have an effect

water is a control

oxidation-reduction

not to be mixed with phosphorylation process

this is the reduction of an electron

error bars overlap

there will nvr be any kind of (significant) difference

“describes the role of feedback”

hw does the cell use its feedback loop to adjust

symbiotic bacteria

were prob gonna talk relationships

the chi square value is less than the critical value

you can say the difference between observed and expected are due to chance

find exponential growth

not the whole thing, only where it starts growin to right before it curves

fold increase rate (how many times greater)

division of the final over the initial value

exhibits incomplete dominance

has an intermediate phenotype

most likely effect on the genotype

what will the gene have gained or lost

horizotal gene transfer

gene gained by diff organism

vertical / nucleur / mitochondrial

gene transferred from parent to offspring

percent change

value 1 - value 2/ value 2

a unit number is given and one is also found in the graph

multiply them (finding AVG)

calculate the activity but the bar gives percent

always double take the question, you might use the percent to find the actual answer

amino acid count

nucleotides / 3 - 1

check for calculation unit relationships

(pfk/sec) or (pfk/ mg)

mortality rate

# of deaths

negative control

the same in every single way except the ind variable

ratio of blah to yeah

blah is x, y is yeah = x/y

when is a ratio increasing

when x is increasing in x/y

or

when y is decreasing in x/y

when is a ratio decreasing

when y is increasing in x/y

when justifying a variable that is being used as a control

mention control

when asked for the relationship between y and x ina graph

its either positive or negative correlation

justify a claim

relate the data then state ur reasoning

should be a sentence

when rate is being mentioned

its either slower or faster

support based on the data

explain why a line of evidence favors a particular claim (which can be bs)

a characteristic due to convergent evolution

is just a convergent trait

describe

main function + relate the whole idea

evaluate

relate evidence, and judge the hypothesis

explain

BC and thus

for total logistic growth

growth after one yr - population