Nutrition

Metabolism

Sum of the physical and chemical changes in living cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities and through which the body assimilates new material. It comprises anabolism and catabolism. 

Glucometer

Device used to determine the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood.

Anthropometry

Study of the comparative measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human body.

Indirect calorimetry

Calculation of heat produced by respiratory gas exchange by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and the carbon dioxide and nitrogen excreted.

Anabolism

Constructive phase of metabolism, in which the body forms complex chemical compounds from simpler compounds.

Dietary reference intakes (DRI)

General term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people.

Underweight

BMI less than 18.5

Expected weight

18.5 to 24.9

Overweight

25 to 29.9

Obese

30 or above

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Parenteral Nutrition

Providing nutrition through a nongastrointestinal route, either intravenously or subcutaneously.

Enteral nutrition

Delivery of nutrition directly into the gastrointestinal system via oral intake or feeding tube placed directly into the stomach or small intestine.

Clear liquids

• Broth

• Bouillon

• Coffee

• Tea

• Carbonated beverages

• Clear fruit juices

• Gelatin

• Popsicles

Full liquids

Clear liquids with the addition of the following:

• Smooth-textured dairy products

• Custards

• Refined cooked cereals

• Vegetable juice

• All fruit juices

Puréed

Full liquids with the addition of the following:

• Scrambled eggs

• Mashed potatoes and gravy

• Pureed meats, vegetables, and fruits

Mechanical soft

Pureed diet with the addition of the following:

• Ground or finely diced meats

• Flaked fish

• Cottage cheese

• Cheese

• Rice

• Potatoes

• Pancakes

• Light breads

• Cooked vegetables

• Cooked or canned fruits

• Bananas

• Soups

• Peanut butter

Soft/Low residue

Low-fiber, easily digested foods including the following:

• Pastas

• Casseroles

• Moist, tender meats

• Canned, cooked fruits and vegetables

• Desserts without nuts or coconut

High fiber

Addition of the following:

• Fresh, uncooked fruits

• Steamed vegetables

• Bran

• Cornmeal

• Dried fruits

Modified fluid consistency diet

For clients who have dysphagia:

• Nectar consistency: Thicker than water but can be sipped through a straw, and includes nectar, vegetable juice, cream soups

• Honey consistency: Can be eaten with a spoon but does not hold its shape and includes honey, tomato sauce, and yogurt

• Spoon-thickened consistency: Pudding consistency

Adults should consume how much water per day?

2 to 3 liters

What is the total average output for an adult

2,300 to 2,600 mL per day

Fat-soluble vitamins

Essential organic substances that can be absorbed with lipids, specifically, vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Manganese

Essential trace element that is a component of enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fat and in bone formation.

Selenium

Element that is required for glutathione peroxidase.

Thiamin

Water-soluble B vitamin necessary for metabolism and growth, development, and cellular function.

Riboflavin

Water-soluble vitamin B2 essential for releasing energy from nutrients, growth and development, and metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids.

Niacin

Water-soluble B vitamin (B3) that is converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. It is essential for healthy skin, expected gastrointestinal function, nervous system maintenance, and synthesis of sex hormones.

Anorexia nervosa

Mental health disorder characterized by an extreme fear of becoming overweight and often resulting in life-threatening weight loss; manifests in not eating or loss of appetite, body image disturbance, and amenorrhea.

Bulimia nervosa

Mental health disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food over a short period of time followed by self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, laxative or diuretic use, or fasting to avoid weight gain

Lipids

Group of water-insoluble, energy-yielding organic compounds composed or carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; also called fats.

Nasointestinal tube

A small bore tube inserted through the nose into the intestine.

Gastrostomy

Tube inserted into the stomach through a surgically created opening; used for delivery enteral nutrition and medication and for gastric decompression.

Jejunostomy tube

Tube inserted through a surgically created opening into the jejunum.

Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood glucose level.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst and fluid intake.

Polyuria

Excretion of large amounts of urine.

Polyphagia

Eating excessively.

Islets of Langerhans

Pancreatic cells responsible for producing insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

Subcutaneous administration

Method of medication administration in which medications are injected into the tissue directly under the dermis.

Insulin resistance

Reduced effectiveness of insulin in lowering blood glucose levels.

Ketoacidosis

Metabolic state characterized by an unexpectedly high concentration of ketones in the blood and urine.

Neuropathy

Any condition resulting from disease or damage to the peripheral or autonomic nervous system that results in loss of signal or errors in signals between the peripheral nerve and the central nervous system.

Nephropathy

Any kidney disease.

Postprandial glucose levels

Glucose levels after a meal.

Lancet

Sharp, pointed device used to make small incisions or punctures in the skin.

Sulfonylureas

Class of antihyperglycemic agents that stimulate the release of insulin from pancreatic islets.

Thiazolidiones

Class of antihyperglycemic agents that reduce insulin resistance.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Class of antihyperglycemic agent that delays the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and decreases a postprandial increase in blood glucose.

Metabolic syndrome

Group of metabolic conditions that are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is defined as the presence of any three of the following: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, and impaired fasting glucose.

Combination therapies

Treatment approaches used to complement conventional medical treatments.