Bio Chapter 7

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19 Terms

1

acetyl CoA

combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)

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2

aerobic respiration

process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen

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3

anaerobic

process that does not use oxygen

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4

anaerobic cellular respiration

process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen

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5

ATP synthase/ F1F0 ATP synthase

membrane-embedded protein complex that adds a phosphate to ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it

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6

chemiosmosis

process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane

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7

citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle

series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells for extraction of energy from carbohydrates

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8

dephosphorylation

removal of a phosphate group from a molecule

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9

fermentation

process of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor; occurs in the absence of oxygen

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10

GLUT protein

integral membrane protein that transports glucose

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11

glycolysis

process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

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12

isomerase

enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer

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13

oxidative phosphorylation

production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in the presence of oxygen

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14

phosphorylation

addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP

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15

prosthetic group

(also prosthetic cofactor) molecule bound to a protein that facilitates the function of the protein

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16

pyruvate

three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions; the end product of glycolysis

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17

redox reaction

chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction

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18

substrate-level phosphorylation

production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant

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19

ubiquinone

soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third

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