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acetyl CoA
combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A, which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)
aerobic respiration
process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen
anaerobic
process that does not use oxygen
anaerobic cellular respiration
process in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen
ATP synthase/ F1F0 ATP synthase
membrane-embedded protein complex that adds a phosphate to ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it
chemiosmosis
process in which there is a production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cellular metabolism by the involvement of a proton gradient across a membrane
citric acid cycle/ Krebs cycle
series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells for extraction of energy from carbohydrates
dephosphorylation
removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
fermentation
process of regenerating NAD+ with either an inorganic or organic compound serving as the final electron acceptor; occurs in the absence of oxygen
GLUT protein
integral membrane protein that transports glucose
glycolysis
process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH
isomerase
enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer
oxidative phosphorylation
production of ATP using the process of chemiosmosis in the presence of oxygen
phosphorylation
addition of a high-energy phosphate to a compound, usually a metabolic intermediate, a protein, or ADP
prosthetic group
(also prosthetic cofactor) molecule bound to a protein that facilitates the function of the protein
pyruvate
three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions; the end product of glycolysis
redox reaction
chemical reaction that consists of the coupling of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction
substrate-level phosphorylation
production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant
ubiquinone
soluble electron transporter in the electron transport chain that connects the first or second complex to the third
