Central Nervous System

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum

What are the four primary regions of the brain?

cerebral hemisphere

what structure is labeled by #1?

diencephalon

what structure is labeled by #2?

cerebellum

what structure is labeled by #3?

brain stem

what structure is labeled by #4?

midbrain

what structure is labeled by A?

pons

what structure is labeled by B?

medulla

what structure is labeled by C?

core brain component

What is the diencephalon?

diencephalon to spinal cord

What does the brain stem connect?

gray matter

what is highlighted in red?

white matter

what is highlighted in yellow?

myelinated neurons

What is white matter?

short, nonmyelinated neurons

What is gray matter?

two hemispheres divided into 5 lobes

What is the cerebral cortex?

frontal lobe

what structure is labeled by #1?

precentral gyrus

what structure is labeled by #2?

central sulcus

what structure is labeled by #3?

postcentral gyrus

what structure is labeled by #4?

parietal lobe

what structure is labeled by #5?

lateral sulcus

what structure is labeled by #6?

occipital lobe

what structure is labeled by #7?

temporal lobe

what structure is labeled by #8?

transverse cerebral fissure

what structure is labeled by #9?

cerebellum

what structure is labeled by #10?

elevated ridges

What are gyri?

shallow grooves

What are sulci?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula

What are the five lobes of the brain?

insula

what structure is highlighted in yellow?

longitudinal fissure

what structure is highlighted in blue?

transverse cerebral, longitudinal

What are the two main fissures?

lateral & central

What are the two main sulci?

lateral sulcus

what structure is highlighted in orange?

motor area, association area, sensory areas

What are the three functional regions of the brain?

primary motor cortex

what structure is labeled by #1?

premotor cortex

what structure is labeled by #2?

frontal eye field

what structure is labeled by #3?

bro as area

what structure is labeled by #4?

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

what structure is labeled by #5?

primary somatosensory cortex

what structure is labeled by #6?

somatosensory association cortex

what structure is labeled by #7?

gustatory cortex and vestibular cortex

what structure is labeled by #8 and #9?

wernickes area

what structure is labeled by #10?

primary visual cortex

what structure is labeled by #11?

visual association area

what structure is labeled by #12?

primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrus), premotor cortex, broca's area, frontal eye field

what are the 5 motor areas?

auditory association area

what structure is labeled by #13?

primary auditory cortex

what structure is labeled by #14?

voluntary movement

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

planning of movement

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

production of speech

What is the function of broca's area?

working memory for spatial tasks, executive area for task management, working memory for object-recall, solving complex/multitask problems

What are the four functions of the anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

sensory

What is the parietal lobe primarily responsible for?

primary sensory cortex (post-central gyrus), somatosensory association cortex, visceral sensory area, frontal eye field

What are the 4 main sensory areas?

somatic sensation, taste, equilibrium, speech/language, vision, hearing

What are the 6 main functions of the sensory areas?

primary somatosensory cortex & somatosensory association cortex

What are the two main structures related to somatic sensation?

receiving information on touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

can't feel, numbness

What would happen if your primary somatosensory cortex was damaged?

process, store, and integrate sensory information

What is the main function of the somatosensory association cortex?

insula

Where are the gustatory cortex & vestibular cortex located?

perception of taste

What is the function of the gustatory cortex?

conscious awareness of balance

What is the function of vestibular cortex?

understanding language

What is the function of wernicke's area?

primary visual cortex & visual association area

What are the two main structures of the occipital/vision region?

receives visual information

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

interpret visual stimuli from primary visual cortex

What is the function of the visual association area?

auditory association area & primary auditory cortex

What are the two structures of the temporal/hearing region?

interprets sounds

What is the function of the auditory association area?

receive and process auditory information

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

visual, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, gustatory

What are the 5 special sense areas?

control of movement & amount of force

What is the function of basal nuclei (ganglia)?

caudate nucleus, putamen, globes pallidus

What makes up the basal nuclei?

sub-thalamic nuclei, substantial nigra

What two structures support the basal nuclei?

GABA, Dopamine, Glutamate

What are the 3 neurotransmitters involved with the basal nuclei?

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

what are the 3 structures of the diencephalon?

sort information, relay

What is the function of the thalamus?

vital for body homeostasis, control the ANS, emotional response, body temp, food intake, thirst, circadian rhythm, endocrine functions

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

secretes melatonin (sleep inducing signal, sleep-wake cycle)

What is the function of the epithalamus?

midbrain, pons, medulla

What are the 3 structures in the brain stem?

motor control, eye movement, visual & auditory processing

what are the functions of the midbrain?

superior cerebellar peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, substantial nigra, red nuclei

What are the 5 structures of the midbrain?

superior cerebellar peduncle

what structure is labeled by #8?

superior colliculus

what structure is labeled by #6?

inferior colliculus

what structure is labeled by #7?

middle cerebellar penducle

what structure is labeled by #10?

inferior cerebellar penducle

what structure is labeled by #11?

medulla

the inferior cerebellar penducle is apart of what part of the brain?

midbrain

the superior cerebellar penducle is apart of what part of the brain?

vision reflex & eye tracking

What is the function of the superior colliculi?

auditory reflex, startle reflex

What is the function of the inferior colliculi?

basal nuclei with movement, dopamine

What is the function of the substantial nigra?

limb flexion pathways

What is the function of red nuclei?

breathing

What is the function of the pons?

longitudinal tract (brain & spinal cord) and transverse tract (pons & cerebellum)

What makes up the pons?

autonomic activity of heart and lungs

What is the function of the medulla?

cardiac center, respiratory center, cochlear nuclei

What are the 3 important nuclei of the medulla?

decussation (info crosses to the other side of the brain)

What happens in the medulla?

inferior cerebellar peduncle

What structure is located in the medulla?

provides the precise timing and appropriate patterns of muscle contractions

What is the function of the cerebellum?

subconsciously, ipsilateral

how does the cerebellum function?