Animal Science Exam 1 (Unfinisehd)

Basic Definition of “disease”

Disease is considered to be a harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism

Examples of Diseases

•Infectious

• Immunological

• Endocrine

• Nutritional

• Toxic

• Genetic

• Congenital

• Neoplastic

• Traumatic

• Degenerative

• Psychogenic

• Iatrogenic

• Idiopathic

etc

epidemiological

the study and analysis of the distribution patterns and determinants of health and disease condition in a defined population

What are zoonoses

infections transmittable from animals to humans

What is One Health

is an integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals and ecosystems.

What does one health recognize

It recognizes the health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the wider environment (including ecosystems) are closely linked and inter-dependent.

What are the essential aspects of infectious diseases in herds (7)

Organism, transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment, economic impact, epidemiology, and prevention and control

Infection

Entry, development and multiplication of an infectious agent

Pathogenicity

Capability of agent to cause disease in host

Transmission

2 types: Direct and Indirect

Etiology

Cause/origin of a disease

Prevalence

the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time

Incidence rate

the number of new cases that develop in a given time period

Endemic

constant presence of disease or agent in an area

Epidemic

the occurrence of disease in excess of expected in given area

Pandemic

an epidemic that has spread to vast geographical areas

Acute

disease that occurs suddenly and typically resolves in a shorter time period

Chronic

disease that occurs over a long period of time and resolves over a long period of time (or doesn’t resolve), can be recurring

Morbidity

The ability to exhibit symptoms

Mortality

deaths due to disease

Compromised Host

– One or more resistance mechanisms are inactive

– The probability of infection is increased

– Age is an important factor

• Very young and very old individuals are more susceptible

– Stress can predispose a healthy individual to disease

– Nutrition plays a role in host susceptibility to infection

– Certain genetic conditions can compromise a host

Small Pox History

• First appeared around the time of the first agricultural settlements

• Rome 180 AD – 3.5 - 7 million deaths

• Spanish in Mexico 1518 -1620 AD

  • 25 million people > 1.6 million

  • Effects on the indigenous peoples

•18th century Europe 400,000 deaths per year

When was small pox eradicated

1979

Rinderpest 1184 BC

– The siege of Troy

– War and movement of armies

Rinderpest 1762

First veterinary school established in France in response to Rinderpest

Rinderpest 1885

“Great African Pandemic”

Rinderpest 1960s

Eradicated from most of Europe, China, Russia and Far East

Rinderpest 1992

Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP)

Brucellosis in Cattle and Bison

• Third trimester abortions

with B. abortus

• Birth of dead or weak calves

  •  Respiratory distress and lung infections

• Low milk yield

Transmission In Animals

• Ingestion of infected tissues or body fluids

• Inhalation of aerosols

• Contact with infected tissues or body fluids

  • Mucous membranes, injections

• Venereal

  • Swine, sheep, goats, dogs

• Fomites (inanimate objects, mechanical vectors)

Fomites

Inanimate objects, mechanical vectors

Brucella Abortus

• Worldwide

• Some countries have eradicated it

•  Notifiable disease in many countries

  • Poor surveillance and reporting due to lack of recognition

Clinical Signs in Wild life: Elk

Abortions

Clinical Signs in Wildlife Moose

Debilitated, death

Predators not clinical but are ____ (and cont)

vectors

• Coyotes, crows, vultures, bears

• Aid in disease spread by carrying infected tissues away from abortion site

Bison in Yellowstone

• Can leave the park to winter feed in Wyoming

• Up to 50% sero-positive (carriers)

• Congregate at calving

Elk in Yellowstone

• Exposed to B. abortus via winter feeding grounds

• Isolate themselves at calving

– Clean the area

– Remain separate from herd for a few days

• Less disease transmission between herdmates

Biosecurity Measures for Brucellosis

• Reduce overlap of grazing grounds with bison

• Field testing

• Surveillance

  • Brucellosis ring test

  • Market Cattle Identification

• Eradicate reservoir

  • Identify, segregate, and/or cull infected animals

Avian Influenza

• Disease based on genetic features and/or severity of disease in poultry

• Three types of Influenza, A, B, and C

• Type A is the biggest threat

• Low pathogenic AI (LPAI)

  • H1 to H16 subtypes

• Highly pathogenic AI (HPAI)

  • Some H5 or H7 subtypes

  • LPAI H5 or H7 subtypes can mutate into HPAI

Avian Influenza Symptoms

• Incubation period: 3-14 days

• Birds found dead

• Drop in egg production

• Neurological signs

• Depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers

• Combs swollen, cyanotic

• Conjunctivitis and respiratory signs

Economic Impact of Avian Influenza Outbreaks

• Direct losses:

  • Depopulation and disposal

  • High morbidity and mortality

  • Quarantine and surveillance

  • Indemnities

• 100s of millions of $ loss

Initial Source of Spread of

• Migrating ducks or other waterfowl

• Shared by aerosol, shared drinking water and fomites

• Virus found in respiratory secretions and feces

Pigs and Influenza

• Susceptible to infection with all subtypes of avian influenza A

  • Called a “mixing vessel”

• Receptors for both avian and human influenza virus

Biosecurity Measures for Avian Influenza

• Prevent contact with wild birds

• Maintain bird houses and sheds

• Fence off or cover standing water and ponds

• Control rodents and pests

• Clean and disinfect poultry housing

• Use clean clothing and footwear, and foot dips

• Limit and control access to your birds

• Adding new birds to your flock

• Institute rules for bird shows and gatherings

• Keep records of bird movements, deaths and eggs

Vaccines

a preparation of weakened or killed pathogens and/or pathogen components to develop adaptive immunity

• Prevents, decreases clinical signs, and treats specific diseases

•Used in disease eradiation (examples: smallpox, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, etc.)

Vaccine Administration

• Oral

• Intramuscular

• Subcutaneous

• Aerosol

Strategic Vaccination

vaccinating at appropriate time for appropriate Pathogens

Ring Vaccination

vaccinating in appropriate areas where certain infectious diseases are prevalent

What is nutrition the study of

What an animal needs to eat, what an animal is fed and what the animal does with its feed

Some Factors that effect nutrient (don’t need to list ALL just some)

Stress, environment, age, individual variation, sex, breed, species, health, pecking order, food availability, photoperiod, water intake, food quality, activity, genetics, geographical location, temperament, allergies, supplements and physiological status

Metabolism

Sum of the physical and chemical processes by which a living substance is produced and maintained (anabolism) and the transformation by which energy is made available for the use of the organism (catabolism)

Anabolism

The building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials

Catabolism

Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds.

What is a nutrient

A nutritious substance; food or other compound

Water, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, and mineral 

What is the single more important nutrient that is the cheapest and most abundant

Water

How much water do horses drink

8-10 gal/day

2 qts of water for every pound of hay or dry forage consumed

How much water do dairy cows drink

3-30 gal/day

1-2 gal per 100 lbs. of body weight

How much water can dogs drink per day

1 oz per lb of weight

What causes animals to increase their water intake

hot temperatures, exercising, lactating and a large forage diet

What is water used for in the body

multiple functions, lubrication, body temp regulation, chief constituent of body composition, transport medium, blood lymph, urine, sweat and chemical reactions

Ways animals get their water

free drinking, water on/in feed and metabolic water

water deficiency causes

decreased feed intake and physical activity

Possible causes for water deficiency

No water source, low water palatability and accessibility and illness

Describe carbohydrate

Simple - contains C, H, and O
Sugars / Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Disaccharides / Oligosaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose...

What type of carbohydrate is the main building block

GLucose

Types of complex carbohydrates

Starch (string of many glucoses)

• Cellulose and hemicellulose

• Lignin

• Gums and pectins

What is CHO

main energy source in most feedstuff

• Corn has the highest amount, then barley and oats

Which CHOs are more digestible than others

Starch and glycogen: easily broken down by digestive enzymes

Cellulose: only digested by microbes

Describe fats

Solid at room temperature (saturated)

Animal tallow is most common

Describe Oils

Liquid at room temperature (unsaturated)

corn oil is most common

What do lipids do

help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E and K)

Normally 2-4% of most natural feedstuff (forages and grains)

relationship with horses and fat in diet

Horses lack a gall bladder so cannot digest high amounts of fat

• Normal diet = 2-4% (max intake = 20%)

relationship with dogs and fat in diet

Dogs balanced diet includes 10-15% fat

• 8-22% in dry dog food

• wild dogs will consume 25-30% fat

Energy values

High in energy without high risk of colic or heat from fermentation

Calorie (cal)

Amount of Heat or Energy to raise 1g of water at 1 degree C

Kilocalorie (kcal)

1000 cal

Megacalorie (Mcal)

1,000 kcal or 1,000,000

• Carbohydrates:4.0 kcal/g

• Proteins: 4.0 kcal/g

• fats: 9.0 kcal/g

  • 2.25 times greater

Signs of fat deficiency

• dry or dull hair coat

• Scaly skin, with infections

• hair loss

• decreased up-take of fat-soluble vitamins

Protein

Composed of amino acids (contains N)

Most expansive component of the diet

Functions of Protein

• Provides amino acids

• Used to increase muscle mass

• Important for lactating mares

and young growing foals

• Provides some energy

What are the dietary essential amino acids

• Phenylalanine

• Valine

• Threonine

• Tryptophan

• Isoleucine

• Methionine

• Histodine

• Arginine

• Leucine

• Lysine

What does the P in PVT TIM HALL

phenylalanine

what does the V in PVTTIM HALLL mean

valine

What does the first T in PVT TIM HALL

threonine

what does the 2nd T in PVT TIM HALL mean

tryptophan

what does the I in PVT TIM HALL mean

isoleucine

what does the M in PVT TIM HALL

methionine

what does the H mean in PTV TIM HALL

histidine

What does the A in PVT TIM HALL

arginine

What does the 1st L mean in PVT TIM HALL

leucine

what does the last L in PVT TIM HALL mean

lysine

What’s a main does of protein for animals

soybean meal and alfalfa

signs of protein deficiency

• Reduced growth

• Weight loss

• Reduced milk production and performance

• Rough, course hair

What are signs of excess protein

increased water intake

increased urination

what needs for organic nutrients

essential in very small quantities

Name fat soluble

A, D, E, K

Name the water soluble vitamins

B’s and C

where’s vitamin A gotten from

naturally received from green, leafy forages

Where is vitamin D obtained from

sunlight

where is vitamin E found

found in fresh green forages