kinesiology

Superior

Toward head

Inferior

Toward feet

Anterior

Toward front

Posterior

Toward back

Medial

Toward midline

Lateral

Away from midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment

Distal

Farther from point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the surface

Deep

Farther from the surface

Supine

Prone

Transverse

Frontal

Sagittal

Sagittal Plane Movements

Flexion, extension

Frontal Plane Movements

Abduction, adduction

Horizontal Plane Movements

Internal and external rotation

Rotation

A bone/joint turns around its longitudinal axis

Inversion

sole of the foot turns inward toward the body’s midline

Eversion

the sole of the foot turns outward away from the midline

Pronation

radius rotates over the ulna, palm facing posteriorly

Supination

radius and ulna are parallel, palm facing anteriorly

Dorsiflexion

Bringing the top of the foot towards the shin

Plantar Flexion

 pointing the food downwards away from the shin

Radial Deviation

 Moving the wrist towards the thumb

Ulnar Deviation

 moving the wrist towards the pinky

Anterior Pelvic Tilt

 Front of the pelvis rotates downward and forward while the back of the pelvis rises

Posterior Pelvic Tilt

the pelvis rotates backward (tucking the tailbone) and the front of the pelvis rises up

Synovial Fluid

Reduces friction, helps with shock absorption,  and nourishes the tissue

Synovial Membrane

 encloses the entire joint surface

Ligaments

connect bone to bone to stabilize synovial joints

Tendons

connect muscle to bone to produce movement

Gliding Joint

Allows for limited movement in multiple directions, typically sliding or gliding over one another

Condyloid Joint

allows for movement in two planes , flexion and extension, adduction and abduction

Pivot Joint

Allow for rotational movement as well as pronation/supination

Ball and Socket Joint

Allow for a wide range of movement in all directions [flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

Hinge Joint

Allow for movement in one direction [flexion and extension]

Saddle Joint

One articulating surface is concave while the other is convex and allows for biaxial movement 

The skeletal is broken into two main sections 

• Axial 

  • Skull, rib cage, vertebral column 

• Appendicular 

  • Upper and lower extremities

  • Shoulder and pelvic girdle

Skeletal System also includes… 

• Cartilage: flexible connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints to reduce friction and absorb shock 

• Ligaments: connects bone to bone (stabilizes joints)

• Tendons: connects muscle to bone (allows for movements)

Mechanical Functions

• Support 

• Protection 

• Movement

Physiological Functions

• Blood cell production 

• Mineral storage

Long

Long, hollow

Designed for large movements

Short

Short bones are small, solid and blocklike 

Good for transferring force and shock absorption

Flat

Large flat surfaces, thin

Designed for protection

Irregular

Do not fit in any other category 

Designed for support, protection and leverage

Sesamoid

Bones that develop within tendons to decrease stress or increase leverage