spanish 2 grammar points

what tense is “Era” in and why would you use it

• imperfect

• to describe how things were or how someone was

what tense is “Fui” and what is it used for

• preterite

• used to narrate an action that happened in the past

when would you use the preterite

• to describe an action in the past

• when we know the beginning of the action

• when we know the end of the action

• when we know the total length of time the action is

when would we use the imperfect

• when we dont know the start end or length of the actun

• to describe something

• a habit

when would you use the phrase “ Fue que”

to describe a point in the past

“fue en 1997 que yo vine aquí”

when would you use “Era cuando”

when an action is in process

where are you going ?

a donde vas?

when would you use a Gerund

when you are using words ending in “ing”

when you are in the process of something

as we speak

en este momento

ever

alguna vez

by monday

para el lunes

tomorrow at this time

a esta hora mañana

this time next year

para esta fecha el año que viene

si hubiera sabido que

if i had known that

Debes/Puedes + infinitivo

you should/ you would be able to + infinitive

debes hablar con ella - you should talk to her

Tienes que + infinitivo

you have to + infinitive

tienes que hablar con ella - you have to speak to her

por que no + present indicative ?

why dont you ____?

por que no hablas con ella - why dont you talk to her

recomendar/seguerir/aconsejar +infinitivo /+ presente subjunctivo

to reccomend/ to suggest/ to advise that ____

te recomiendo que hables con ella y así aclaráis las cosas - i reccomend you talk to her and thats how you clear things up

Para uses

• opinion

• contrast

• goal

• end

• objective

• ideal

• destination

• resolution

• plan

To indicate destination

Para

to show the use or purpose of a thing

para

to mean “in order to” or “for the purpose of”

para

to indicate a recipient

para

to express a deadline or specific time

para

to express a contrast from what is expected

para

to express an action that will soon be completed

“estar para”

Por

• en los que concierne a = as far as

• motives or cause

• por=sin

to expres gratitude or apology

por

for multiplication and division

por

for velocity, frequency,proportion

por

meaning “through”, “along”, “by” or “in the area of”

por

when talking about exchange, including states

por

to mean “on behalf of” or “in favor of”

por

to express an undetermined or general time meaning “during”

Por

for means of communication or transportation

por

in cases of mistaken identity or meaning “to be seen as”

por

to show the reason for an errand

por (+ ir , venir,pasar,mandar,volver, preguntar)

to express cause or reason

por

to be in the mood or inclined to do something

“estar por”

in passive constructions

por

but

• a book by octavio paz= un libro de …

• use por with a verb

• use de without a verb .

indicative mood

facts

subjunctive

literally anything but facts

when is subjunctive used in relative clauses

to express ignorance

De ahí + subjunctive

“therefore” + subjunctive

to express consequences

no porque + subjunctive

No es que + subjunctive

“because of this”

what word never goes with resent subjunctive

Si

what phrase never goes with subjunctive

a lo mejor

quizás, quizá, tal vez, a lo mejor

“maybe” perhaps”

por muy

“no matter how”

por muy+ adjectives+ subjunctive

no matter how +adjective

Digas lo que digas

no matter what you say

vayas lo que vayas

wherever you go

duplicate verb in subjunctive with lo que in between

subjunctive verb + lo que + the same subjunctive verb

no matter who what when where + verb

conjunctions you’d use with subjunctive

• a menos que

• antes de que

• con tal de que

• en caso de que

• para que

• con el fin de que

• etc

formula for subordinate conjunctions

oracion principal + conjunction+ oracion subordinante

Testigo

Witness

La columna vertebral

Backbone

Imponente

Impressive

Dejaron huellas

Left traces

Recorrer

to travel around

Revivir

to revive

when would you use the subjunctive

• subjectivity

• imaginary things/ unreality

• doubts

• hypothisis

• orders

• feelings

• Indefiniteness

Verbs of influence

• querer

• pedir

• ordenar

• sugerir

• exigir

• insistir en

Verbs of feelings or reaction

• gustar

• molestar

• ofender

• fascinar

• encantar

• preocupar

• alegrar

Verbs that express hope,doubt or uncertainty

• dudar

• esperar

• desear

• confiar en

• anhelar

Verbs of statements and mental perception

• creer

• decir

• admitir

• advertir

• aseguar

• afirmar

• confesar

Verbo afirmativo+ ______

indicativo

verbo _____ + subjunctivo

Negativo

verbo negativo o _____ + indicative

afirmativo (imperativo)

two uses of decir

• information/ statement

• instruction

No es que no me guste

always followed by subjunctive

A lo mejor

always used with indicative

Antes de que

Always used with subjunctive

Formula for present perfect subjunctive

present subjunctive of Haber + past participle

Haya hablado

Present perfect subjunctive use

used to describe past actions or situations that are still relevant in the present, or that continue into the present

present perfect in use

	Hablar	Comer	Vivir
Yo	haya hablado	haya comido	haya vivido
Tú	hayas hablado	hayas comido	hayas vivido
Él/Ella/ Usted	haya hablado	haya comido	haya vivido
Nosotros/as	hayamos hablado	hayamos comido	hayamos vivido
Vosotros/as	hayáis hablado	hayáis comido	hayáis vivido
Ellos/Ellas/ustedes	hayan hablado	hayan comido	hayan vivido

 

Imperfect tense AR, ER, IR endings

	-ar verbs	-er	-ir
Yo	-ara	-iera	-iera
Tú	-aras	-ieras	-ieras
Él/Ella/ Usted	-ara	-iera	-iera
Nosotros/as	-áramos	-iéramos	-iéramos
Vosotros/as	-arais	-ierais	-ierais
Ellos/Ellas/ustedes	-aran	-ieran	-ieran

How to form the imperfect tense

put the verb into the 3rd person of the preterite tense, then drop the ron off the end of the verb and add the appropriate ending.

what endings are interchangeable in the imperfect

the endings for Yo and Él / Ella (ara / iera) are interchangeable with ase/iese

what is the pluperfect tense used for

used to describe a past action that occurred before another past action.

pluperfect tense in use

 

	Hablar	Comer	Vivir
Yo	hubiera/iese hablado	hubiera/iese comido	hubiera/iese vivido
Tú	hubieras/ieses hablado	hubieras/ieses comido	Hubieras/ieses vivido
Él/Ella/ Usted	hubiera/iese hablado	hubiera/iese comido	hubiera/iese vivido
Nosotros/as	hubiéramos/iésemos hablado	hubiéramos/iésemos comido	Hubiéramos/iésemos vivido
Vosotros/as	hubiérais/ieseis hablado	hubiérais/ieseis comido	hubiérais/ieseis vivido
Ellos/Ellas/ustedes	hubieran/iesen hablado	hubieran/iesen comido	hubieran/iesen vivido

 

pluperfect formula

imperfect subjunctive of haber+ past participle

what forms in the pluperfect are interchangeable

Hubiera and hubiese

what is the rule of agreement in Subjunctive

dictates which tense of the subjunctive must be used in Spanish.

Rule of Agreement

 

Tense of verb in main clause	Tense of subjunctive verb
Present, Perfect, Future, Imperative	Present
Conditional, Imperfect, Preterite, Pluperfect	Imperfect

Does insistir go with indicative or subjunctive

Subjunctive

Does sorprender go with subjunctive or indicative

Subjunctive

Does ‘confessor que” go with indicative or subjunctive

indicative, it’s and affirmation

reflexive pronouns

Yo	Me
Tú	Te
Él/ella	Se
Nosotros	Nos
Vosotros	Os
Ellos	Se

Fill in the missing word

________ = reflexive

Accident= reflexive

we speak about accidents in the in the reflexive. E.G. the girl fell down the stairs

this is an action only happening to the girl so therefore it is put in the reflexive

E.G. La niña se cayó en las escaleras

formula to form a reflexive sentence

reflexive pronoun + indirect object pronoun+ verb

what does reflexive place emphasis on

reflexive places emphasis on a specific action

Direct/ indirect object pronouns

Yo	Me
Tú	Te
Él	Lo/Le
Ella	La
Usted	Lo/la
Nosotros	Nos
Vosotros	Os
Ustedes	Los/laa
Ellos	Los
Ellas	Las

What person can the direct/indirect object pronoun “Le” be used for

Him

• Le can only be used for Him

• Spain: Le conozco

• Latin America: Lo conozco

preposition when you can’t translate it

certain verbs can’t be translated with the preposition included

E.g:

to look at: Mirar

to look for : buscar

prepositions when there’s an equivalent in Spanish

sometimes prepositions do have a direct translation that can be used

To believe in: creer en

To laugh at: reírse de

To think about: pensar en

prepositions when they only exist in Spanish

some verbs come set with a preposition attached in order for the sentence to make sense

E.g:

To marry: Casarse con

To remember: Acordarse de

To forget: Olvidarse de

To trust; Confiar en

Uses for the imperative mood

• to prohibit something

• to give orders

• to make suggestions

• to give instructions

How to form the Imperative mood

• only uses two people: Tú & vosotros

• all the other people mentioned are in the subjunctive