Cell Biology, Heredity, and Evolution Concepts

Prokaryotic cells

Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells

Have a nucleus.

Purpose of mitosis

Produce identical cells for growth and repair.

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division.

Organelle in plant cells

Chloroplast.

Short-term energy macromolecule

Carbohydrate.

Polar molecule

Has uneven electron distribution, creating partial charges.

Hydrophobic molecules

Repel water.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high to low concentration without energy.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a membrane.

Water's cohesion

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules.

Ionic bond

Forms when electrons are transferred, creating charged ions.

Carrying a microscope

By the eyepiece and one hand on the arm and one under the base.

First objective lens for focusing

4x.

Total magnification

Calculated by adding the eyepiece and objective lens magnifications.

Organelle that makes ATP

Mitochondria.

Heterozygous genotype

Represented by Aa.

Dominant allele

Masks the expression of a recessive allele.

Phenotype of Bb guinea pig

Black.

Incomplete dominance

Results in a blended intermediate phenotype.

Genes in a Punnett square

1

Meiosis

Used to produce gametes (sperm/egg).

Premature stop codon mutation

Called nonsense.

DNA replication

Is semiconservative because each new DNA molecule has one old and one new strand.

Cell cycle

It happens twice per cell cycle.

mRNA

Which RNA type carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes?

Complementary mRNA codon

Given the DNA sequence TAC, the complementary mRNA codon is: AUG.

Frameshift mutation

A frameshift mutation is caused by: Insertion/deletion of nucleotides not in multiples of 3.

Melanin

Melanin is responsible for: Hair/skin color.

DNA polymerase

The function of DNA polymerase is to: Synthesize new DNA strands.

Ribosome

Which structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Silent mutation

A silent mutation has: No effect on the amino acid sequence.

Genotype 'BB'

The genotype 'BB' is: Homozygous dominant.

tRNA

Which RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Primary function of proteins

The primary function of proteins is: Performing biological functions (e.g., enzymes, structure).

Nucleotide

A nucleotide is the monomer of: Nucleic acids.

DNA base pairs bond

Which bond holds DNA base pairs together? Hydrogen.

Evolution

Evolution acts on: Populations.

Natural selection

Natural selection favors traits that: Increase survival/reproduction in a given environment.

Selective pressure

A selective pressure could be: Predation or climate change.

Adaptation

An adaptation is: A trait that improves fitness.

Directional selection

Directional selection shifts phenotypes toward: One extreme.

'Survival of the fittest'

'Survival of the fittest' refers to: Those best adapted to their environment.

Analogous structures

Analogous structures arise from: Convergent evolution.

Homologous structures

Homologous structures suggest: Shared ancestry.

Vestigial structures

Vestigial structures are: Remnants of ancestral features.

Artificial selection

Artificial selection is driven by: Human intervention.

Cladogram trait separation

In the cladogram provided, which trait separates cats from wolves? Retractable claws.

Molecular genetics and evolution

Molecular genetics supports evolution by showing: Similar DNA sequences among related species.

Stabilizing selection

Stabilizing selection favors: Intermediate phenotypes.

Parallel evolution

Parallel evolution occurs when: Similar traits evolve independently in similar environments.

Fossils and evolution

Fossils provide evidence for evolution by: Revealing gradual changes over time.