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what are characteristics about psychoactive drugs
cross the BBB, affect the CNS and brain function, change perception, mood consciousness, cognition, and behaviours
what are the 3 ways that a psychoactive drug can be used
recreationally, entheogenically, medically
what are the 4 different names for drugs
chemical, generic, trade/brand, street
what is the carrier medium for a drug called
excipient ex) acid sheets
how does the weight of an excipient affect the punishment
the heavier the excipient the longer the sentence
what is pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body
what is pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug
explain the DRC slope
shows how drastic the effect changes with each change in dose, a small change produces a steep slope, a large change produces a small slope
how do you calculate the TI
LD/ED
how do you interpret the TI
the greater the TI the safer the drug is, safest way to calculate is LD1/ED99
what is the therapeutic window measured in
blood concentration
what is potency
the differnce in the ED50
where do drugs get absorbed
membranes, GI tract, lungs, muscles
how does absorption happen
enters blood stream via capillaries, diffuses from high to low concentration until equal
how do drugs get from the heart to brain without the liver
inhalation of gases
how do you test solubility
olive oil partition coefficient
what do drugs have to pass to reach the capillaries
intestinal membrane
what happens if metabolites are more highly ionized
more easily excreted
what is first pass metabolism
any drug that gets absorbed in the digestive system will pass through the liver before any other organ in the body
what are the 4 factors that alter drug absorption
enzyme induction, depression of enzyme systems, age, species
what is the process of enzyme induction
when the body learns what enzymes are needed so they get released quicker
what does excretion assume
instant absorption and distribution
what is the level of arousal
the earliest way to classify drugs was whether the increase/decrease arousal
how many groups does a placebo vs balanced placebo design have
3 and 4
what is nonexperimental research
looks for correlation like behavioural genetics
what is unconditioned behaviour examples
spontaneous motor activity ex) inclined plane test = whether a drug interferes with muscle tone, AKA can the rat stay on the plane
whats an example of anxiety medication testing
elevated plus maze = is the rat scared or not
whats a progressive ratio
how much someone will work to get the drug
whats the absolute threshold
the lowest value of stimulus for it to be detectable
what is the difference threshold
detecting the change in stimulation
what is long term memory also called
explicit memory
whats 2 ways to test response of inhibition
the go-no-go tests and the balloon analog risk task
what are the phases of developing and testing psychotherapeutic drugs
screening, phase 1 = testing the toxicity and side effects on healthy people, phase 2 = testing toxicity and side effects on patients, phase 3 = clinical trials, phase 3 = examination and widespread use
what do proponents of drug relation typically refer to
the protection of the vulnerable and the maintenance of cultural values
what do critics of drug policy do
create institutionalized racism and sociopolitical interests
what did plato do
prohibited alcohol for men under 18 and regulated for men under 30
why were psychoactive substances looked down on and why
the church believed they were associated with pagan religious traditions
who outlawed cannabis in the 12/13th centuries
the inquisition
who banned tobacco
the pope
when was the age of reason
the 18th century
what was the 1868 british pharmacy act
opium was sold by pharmacicts
what were substances the pope endorsed in the early 20th century
Vin mariana AKA wine with coke
what was the 1914 harrison narcotic act
put a tax on coke and opium and started to criminalize coke because minorities were using it
what prohibitions happened between 1920-1933
alcohol started and ended and tobacco was attempted
explain the drug abuse prevention and control act of 1970
drug penalties increased based on potential for abuse
what were the 2 international drug control treaties
conventions on narcotic and psychotropic drugs
what was the narcotic convention of 1961
offences against cannabis, coke, and opioids
what was the psychotropic drug convention
extended the narcotic convention to cover synthetic drugs like amphetamines, LSD, and benzos
what was the vienna delcaration
to use science based health to address harm that comes form illicit drug use, wanted to decriminalize drug use and increase treatment
what were the 2 targets of recent developments in progress drug policies and were they successful
target 1 = to reduce opium, coke, and cannabis farming, not successful
target 2 = reduce demand for substances, no success just increased drug related deaths
what is the moral model
says that the use of prohibited drugs is unethical and immoral and that users are blameworthy
what are the pros and cons of the moral model
pros = simple and straightforward
cons = inconsistent with evidence, won't outlaw rich people drugs, creates more illness
what does the medical model state
addition is like a disease, reduce blame and is progressive
what is the psychodynamic model
drug use is like self-medication
what does the public health model offer
alternative safer substances, reduced drug use and harm
what is resting potential
the potential difference across the membrane, the outside is 0 and the inside is -70
how is the -70 maintained
active transport sodium potassium ion pump, ion channels that are gated depending on their stimulation or non-gated which is slower than the pump
how many sodium and potassium are in the pump and what do they create
3 and 2 and they create a negative charge
what kind of exchange is the ion pump
circular
how does the axon get stimulated
resting potential gets broken down and built back up to make an action potential, depolarization = more positive, the threshold is activated when the gated ion channels open NA goes in until the charge is positive then K+ leaves
what is spatial summation
2 of more neurons release transmitters onto same target, 10 people call you at once
what is temporal summation
neuron makes multiple APs close togetehr, 1 person calls you 10x
what is acetylcholine used for
memory and learning, how to brain talks to muscles
what is muscarinic
a type of receptor that is associated with the fly agaric of muscaria
what is muscarinic blocked by
atropine
what is the precursor to catecholamines
tryosine
whats the 1 type of indolamine
5HT
what are the characteritsics of GABA
inhibitory NT, opens CL- channels, reduced likelihood of APs
whats the characteristics of glycine and what is it blocked by
inhibitory NT, blocked by caffeine
what is glutamate blocked by
ketamine, PCP, alcohol
what are the 2 types of peptides
endorphin, enkephalins
what receptors are peptides similar to
morphine
which system does acetylcholine take palce in
somatic system of PNS because voluntary movement
which NTs are found in the sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine/adrenaline
what is the sympathetic nervous system stimulated by
coke and amphetamines
whats the overdose process
drug receptors in medulla getting impacted
what is the medulla depressed by
alcohol, barbs, opoids
what does the medulla induce
vomiting
what is the reticular activating system for and what inhibits it
spreads excitation to the cortex, GABA inhibits it
what does the raphe system do
sleep, mood, serotonin
where are over half of NE neurons found
in the locus coeruleus
what is the basal ganglia used for
motor loops with cortex and thalamus
what is the periaqueductal duct for
pain perception and amygdala
where is the pleasure center
hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area
where does lots of drug action happen
limbic system
where is the DA system reinforcement system found
mesolimbic of limbic system
what does the cortex run on
GABA and glutamate
what is the frontal cortex for
stimuli, reinforcers, behavioural inhibition
what is the orbitofrontal cortex for
stimulation/reward
what is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for
attention
what is the anterior cingulate responsible for
cravings
what are the 4 mechanisms of tolerance
metabolic, dispositional, pharmacokinetic, physiological
when do you have withdrawal
when you have a psychological dependence
what is sensitization/reverse tolerance
the effect of a drug increases with repeated administrations
where can cross sensitization happen
in the mesolimbic system
what were barbs recommended for treatment of
anxiety and insomnia
what was the initial use for barbs
preventing seizures
what do all benzos lead to
anterograde amnesia
what is the route of administration and absorption for sedatives
parenteral after digestive system, oral administration
sedatives range in ____ and _____
lipid solubility and absorption
